The gas exchange system

Some effects of smoking are shown below. Which components of tobacco smoke are responsible for these effects?

Feb/March 2016

Fig. 6.1 illustrates the first three parts of the human gas exchange system that inhaled air from the outside atmosphere passes through.

Feb/March 2016

Which tissues might be present in bronchioles?

Feb/March 2017

Smooth muscle and cartilage are two of the tissues present in the walls of structures in the mammalian gas exchange system. Complete Fig. 5.1 to indicate how these tissues are distributed in the gas exchange system of mammals. Select from the four structures listed below: alveolus, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole.

Feb/March 2017

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) covers bronchitis and emphysema. Which symptom is unique to emphysema?

Feb/March 2018

Which structures can be found in a bronchus?

Feb/March 2018

Which statement concerning typical bronchioles is correct?

Feb/March 2019

Emphysema is a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A person who has emphysema finds breathing out difficult. Why does emphysema make breathing out difficult?

Feb/March 2021

Fig. 1.1 shows a transverse section image of the trachea in the gas exchange system.

Feb/March 2021

Which statement explains why the walls of the bronchioles contain no cartilage?

Feb/March 2022

Pneumonia is a serious disease of the lungs that can disrupt gas exchange. A person who has pneumonia may be attached to an ECMO machine. This machine carries out the gas exchange roles of the lungs. A cannula (tube) is inserted into the right atrium and carries blood to the ECMO machine. Inside the ECMO machine, the blood is sent first to an artificial pump and then to an oxygenator, where gas exchange takes place. The blood is then warmed and returned by a second cannula to the vena cava.

Feb/March 2023

Which of these structures usually contain cartilage and cilia?

Feb/March 2024

Which statements about the roles of tissues in the human gas exchange system are correct?

Feb/March 2024

The diagram shows a cross-section of a type of epithelium. In which part of the respiratory system is this type of epithelium found?

May/June 2010

The diagram shows a cross-section of a type of epithelium. In the respiratory system, where is this type of epithelium found?

May/June 2010

Fig. 2.1 shows part of an alveolus together with the tissue around it. The magnification is $\times 3500$.

May/June 2010

Fig. 5.1 shows part of the human gas exchange system.

May/June 2010

Different parts of the human gas exchange system are modified in different ways so that each can carry out its own role.

May/June 2010

What effects does emphysema cause?

May/June 2011

Fig. 1.1 shows an electron micrograph of cells taken from the ciliated epithelium lining the trachea.

May/June 2011

Which structures would be visible in an electron micrograph of a bronchus wall?

May/June 2012

Which of the following statements about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are correct?

May/June 2012

What features would be observable in a photomicrograph of the wall of the trachea?

May/June 2012

Which statement about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is incorrect?

May/June 2013

What may be seen in some of the tissues in a transverse section of a trachea?

May/June 2013

Which row indicates the effects of chronic bronchitis?

May/June 2013

The photomicrograph shows a cross-section of a section of the bronchus wall. What function does the tissue labelled X perform?

May/June 2013

Which factor could result in chronic bronchitis?

May/June 2014

Which flow diagram correctly shows what happens when tar enters the lungs?

May/June 2014

The diagram shows a cross-section of a type of epithelium. In which part of the respiratory system is this type of epithelium located?

May/June 2014

In certain sections of the gas exchange system, cartilage is found so that the airways do not collapse when pressure changes during inhalation. State which parts of the gas exchange system contain cartilage.

May/June 2014

Which row identifies the function of each named tissue in the gas exchange system?

May/June 2015

The diagram shows a transverse section through the wall of a bronchus (not to scale). In a person who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), what occurs in each of the numbered structures?

May/June 2015

What features would be visible in an electron micrograph of a bronchus wall?

May/June 2016

A student examined a transverse section of the trachea from a small mammal. The student produced a plan diagram of the section, as shown in Fig. 3.1. Fig. 3.2 shows a photomicrograph of the region marked M in Fig. 3.1.

May/June 2016

Fig. 1.1 shows a photomicrograph of epithelial cells from the bronchus.

May/June 2016

The photomicrograph shows a leaf in transverse section. Which features are typical of xerophytes?

May/June 2017

Which option identifies the tissues found in the trachea?

May/June 2017

This photomicrograph displays a cross-section of lung tissue. Which structures can be seen in this photomicrograph?

May/June 2017

The diagram illustrates three kinds of cell present in the human gas exchange system. Besides causing cancer, which cell types are directly affected when a person is exposed to tar in cigarette smoke?

May/June 2017

When a person has an asthma attack, the tubes in the gas exchange system become narrower and more mucus is formed. Which changes take place during an asthma attack?

May/June 2017

Which effects arise from paralysis of cilia caused by smoking?

May/June 2017

Certain pathogens are able to enter the human body via the gas exchange system.

May/June 2017

The diagram illustrates an enlarged part of the lungs that contains specialised tissues. Which row correctly matches structures labelled 1 to 6?

May/June 2018

The signs of two diseases are given below. Disease 1: coughing up blood; pain on breathing; weight loss. Disease 2: breathlessness; difficulty breathing out; tiredness. Which row shows diseases 1 and 2?

May/June 2018

Which of these structures include cartilage and cilia?

May/June 2018

The diagram indicates three features present in the tissues of the gas exchange system. Which structures of the gas exchange system could be represented at position X and at position Y in the diagram? 1 bronchiole 2 trachea 3 bronchus

May/June 2018

As tobacco smoke is breathed in, substances including nicotine and carbon monoxide pass into the circulatory system via the gas exchange system. Tar accumulates on the lining of the gas exchange system. Many people choose to stop smoking tobacco so that their health improves.

May/June 2018

Which statements concerning bronchioles are correct?

May/June 2019

What tissues are found in the walls of a trachea and an alveolus?

May/June 2019

Certain tissues in the gas exchange system contain cells that are able to make and release mucins. These mucins are kept in vesicles inside the cells, ready to be secreted. After they leave the cell, mucins absorb water and form mucus.

May/June 2019

Fig. 2.1 presents a photomicrograph of a transverse section through a bronchus, together with the lung tissue surrounding it.

May/June 2019

In a dicotyledonous leaf, the palisade mesophyll layer is about twice the thickness of the spongy mesophyll layer. Which plan diagram is the correct one?

May/June 2020

What structures are present in bronchi?

May/June 2020

Which tissue in the respiratory system is accurately matched to its function?

May/June 2020

Which structures in the human gas exchange system contain cartilage for support?

May/June 2020

Carbon monoxide, nicotine and tar are substances present in tobacco smoke. Which row gives the correct description of how they affect a smoker’s body?

May/June 2020

Fig. 4.1 illustrates the location where gas exchange occurs in the mammalian lung.

May/June 2020

Collagen forms an important part of the cartilage in some structures of the human gas exchange system. The cells that make and release the cartilage components are called chondrocytes.

May/June 2020

Which row identifies the tissues found in the walls of the trachea and bronchus?

May/June 2021

Which line correctly indicates the features found in terminal bronchioles?

May/June 2021

A person exposed to tobacco smoke faces a higher risk of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Many people with COPD have both chronic bronchitis and emphysema. These illnesses produce changes in the gas exchange system. For example, the total lung surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) changes.

May/June 2021

The gas exchange system includes four cell types, shown below. J alveolus epithelium cell K ciliated cell L goblet cell M smooth muscle cell The ticks (✓) in the table indicate specialised features of three of these cell types. Which row gives the correct pairing of specialised feature and cell?

May/June 2022

A student examined three slides under both low magnification and high magnification. Every slide showed a section through a different airway in the gas exchange system. The student noted three features on each slide. Slide 1: cartilage arranged irregularly; the inner layer was highly folded; cilia on epithelial cells. Slide 2: very few goblet cells; cilia on epithelial cells; a thick smooth muscle layer compared with wall thickness. Slide 3: smooth muscle tissue; blood vessels; many goblet cells. Which row correctly names the three slides?

May/June 2022

Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 1.2 are photomicrographs that show how tissues are arranged in the lungs. Fig. 1.1 is a photomicrograph of a section through part of the lungs. Fig. 1.2 gives a high-power view of the region marked on Fig. 1.1.

May/June 2022

Fig. 5.1 shows a photomicrograph of a transverse section of part of the bronchus in the human gas exchange system. The picture has good resolution for a light microscope. The bronchial epithelium is a single layer of cells that lines the lumen of the bronchus.

May/June 2022

In the gas exchange system, the trachea divides into two airways, and each one passes into a lung.

May/June 2022

Which of these statements apply to every bronchiole?

May/June 2023

The Weibel Lung model was created from a thorough investigation of the gas exchange system. It records precise airway diameter measurements, namely the lumen diameters of the airways. Within the model, the different regions of the gas exchange system are assigned a generation number, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

May/June 2023

Which tissues can be found in a bronchus?

May/June 2024

In which part of the human gas exchange system is cartilage tissue always found?

May/June 2024

Scientists measured the density of goblet cells in the lungs and the density of mucus in the lungs for three groups of people: • people who do not smoke and do not have lung disease • people who smoke tobacco but do not have lung disease • people who smoke tobacco and have lung disease. The findings are given in the table. What do these data suggest?

May/June 2024

Which part of the gas exchange system is always supported by cartilage?

May/June 2024

The diagram shows a transverse section of a trachea. Which labelled tissue stops the trachea from collapsing?

May/June 2024

Fig. 4.1 shows, as a scanning electron micrograph, the tissue that lines the bronchi in the gas exchange system. Fig. 4.2 shows a transmission electron micrograph of a horizontal section taken at the position marked by the two arrows in Fig. 4.1.

May/June 2024

The pressure of water vapour inside leaves and the pressure outside them can be measured. The difference between these two pressures is called the leaf vapour pressure deficit (LVPD). LVPD is one factor that affects the rate of transpiration. Scientists investigated how changing the LVPD altered the transpiration rate in several flowering plant species that live in a range of habitats. Two of these species were Nerium oleander, which is adapted to grow in hot, dry conditions, and Helianthus annuus, which is not adapted to survive in hot, dry conditions. Fig. 5.1 shows how increasing the LVPD affected the transpiration rates of the two species. All other factors were kept constant.

May/June 2024

Smooth muscle is a tissue made up of smooth muscle cells. Their cytoplasm is packed with proteins that take part in contraction and relaxation.

May/June 2024

Arteries, capillaries and veins are three kinds of blood vessel.

May/June 2024

The photomicrograph shows a transverse section of part of the trachea. Which letter identifies a tissue that is able to contract and relax in order to alter the diameter of the airways?

May/June 2025

Which row shows the tissues found in the wall of the trachea and in the wall of the bronchus?

May/June 2025

Which row shows the tissues found in the wall of the trachea as well as in the wall of the bronchus?

May/June 2025

In mammals, absorption of the products of digestion mainly takes place in the small intestine. Fig. 2.1 shows a transmission electron micrograph of a longitudinal section (L.S.) of part of an epithelial cell from the small intestine of a mammal. Fig. 2.2 shows a transmission electron micrograph of a horizontal section taken at the position indicated by the two arrows in Fig. 2.1.

May/June 2025

The human gas exchange system enables oxygen to be taken up efficiently into the blood and carbon dioxide to be removed by excretion. Each tissue in the human gas exchange system is adapted to carry out its own function.

May/June 2025

What tissues make up the walls of a trachea and an alveolus?

Oct/Nov 2010

Which row correctly identifies the sections of the respiratory tract that contain cartilage, cilia, goblet cells and smooth muscle?

Oct/Nov 2010

The diagram illustrates the volume of air inhaled and exhaled while a person is at rest. They breathe out as deeply as possible and then breathe in as much as they can before returning to normal breathing. Which points would you use to work out the vital capacity?

Oct/Nov 2010

Identify the tissues found in the walls of a trachea and an alveolus.

Oct/Nov 2010

Table 2.1 lists some of the structures found in different regions of the gas exchange system. Complete Table 2.1 by showing a tick ($\checkmark$) where a structure is present in a part of the gas exchange system, or a cross ($\times$) where it is absent.

Oct/Nov 2010

Fig. 6.1 shows a cross-section through lung tissue containing an alveolus and its blood supply.

Oct/Nov 2010

Describe and explain how alveoli are structurally adapted for efficient gas exchange.

Oct/Nov 2010

In which part of the respiratory system are both goblet cells and ciliated epithelium present?

Oct/Nov 2011

The first diagram depicts a spirometer, an instrument used to measure changes in lung volume. During exhalation, the cover moves up, and during inhalation it moves down, creating a record on a rotating drum. The second diagram shows a typical spirometer trace. Which trace would show the vital capacity?

Oct/Nov 2011

Which row identifies the correct positions of cartilage and smooth muscle in the human gas exchange system?

Oct/Nov 2011

Which observation would show a difference in the structure of the gas exchange system of a cigarette smoker and a non-smoker?

Oct/Nov 2011

In which part of the respiratory system are goblet cells and ciliated epithelium both present?

Oct/Nov 2011

What is one consequence of breathing in tobacco smoke?

Oct/Nov 2011

Fig. 1.1 shows a scanning electron micrograph of part of the wall of a bronchus from a healthy human.

Oct/Nov 2011

In 1954, the British Medical Journal printed an article titled, The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits. One part of the investigation looked at a very large group of male doctors in the UK who were aged 35 years and older. A survey was used to find how much tobacco each man smoked per day. Twenty-nine months afterwards, the cause of death for any person in the study group was recorded. Table 5.1 gives a summary of the results.

Oct/Nov 2011

Some research indicates that smoking raises the chance of developing lung cancer. The graphs illustrate the percentage of smokers and the number of deaths from lung cancer in men in two age groups between 1950 and 1998. Which statement is not supported by the data in the graphs?

Oct/Nov 2012

Some individuals have difficulty expelling large amounts of air from their lungs. Their breathing is noisy and fast. Which disease are they most likely to have?

Oct/Nov 2012