May/June 2019

Which quantities are vector quantities?

Physical quantities and measurement techniques

Which statement concerning centre of mass is correct?

Centre of gravity

A garden table has a weight of $60\,\text{N}$ and a top surface with an area of $2.0\,\text{m}^2$. Rain is falling, and it creates a pressure of $4.0\,\text{N m}^{-2}$ on the table. If atmospheric pressure is ignored, what force does the table exert on the ground?

Pressure

The diagram illustrates a manometer filled with mercury and closed at one end. What change occurs in the distance $h$ when the manometer is carried to a higher point up a mountain?

Pressure

Certain doctors determine blood pressure with a mercury manometer. While the heart is beating, blood pressure changes by $5.6\,\text{kPa}$. The density of mercury is $14\,000\,\text{kg m}^{-3}$ and the gravitational field strength $g$ is $10\,\text{N kg}^{-1}$. What is the corresponding change in the height difference between the levels in the manometer during a heartbeat?

Pressure

The diagram shows a fairground ride that is not moving and has four chairs of equal mass. Which chair has the greatest gravitational potential energy?

Energy

The diagram depicts a small car with mass $500\,\text{kg}$ travelling towards a hill. It goes up the hill at a constant speed. The gravitational field strength $g$ is $10\,\text{N kg}^{-1}$. If friction is ignored, how much work is done in taking the car up the hill?

Work

Which one of the following statements is correct?

Physical quantities and measurement techniques

The diagram shows a collection of apparatus used to measure the specific heat capacity of water. Which factor does not influence the rate at which energy is lost to the surroundings?

Specific heat capacity

Two thermometers X and Y have different liquids, but are identical in every other respect. Both thermometers are heated by the same increase in temperature. The liquid in thermometer X expands by a greater volume than the liquid in thermometer Y. Which thermometer is the more sensitive one, and which thermometer has the wider range?

Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases

The diagram shows two thermometers P and Q, which are the same except that P has a smaller amount of mercury. Which statement is correct?

Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases

Two forces $X$ and $Y$ act as illustrated. Which diagram shows the resultant force $R$ produced by $X$ and $Y$?

Balanced and unbalanced forces

The diagram shows air enclosed in a flask by a small amount of water in a narrow tube. When a student holds the flask in their hands, the small amount of water first moves downward from P to Q, and then upward to R. Why does the small amount of water move in this way?

Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases

Which statement correctly describes particles in a liquid?

States of matter

A gas is trapped in a container with a constant volume. Heat energy is transferred to the gas from outside. What happens to the gas molecules?

Kinetic particle model of matter

Which category of waves is longitudinal?

General properties of waves

A ray of light is incident on a plane mirror at an angle of incidence of $20^\circ$. The angle of incidence is then raised by $5^\circ$. What is the new angle between the incident ray and the reflected ray?

Reflection of light

A parallel beam of light strikes a thin diverging lens. The focal length of the lens is FL, as illustrated in the diagram. Which ray diagram shows the beam after it has passed through the lens?

Thin lenses

The lists below show spectrum colours. Which list arranges them in order of rising frequency?

Electromagnetic spectrum

Four sound waves are shown on the screen of a cathode-ray oscilloscope. Which sound wave becomes louder and has a pitch that gets lower?

Sound

A student studies a permanent magnet by hanging paper clips from the magnet, as shown. Which statement is correct?

Simple magnetism and magnetic fields

Two vertical wires run through a piece of card at right angles. Each wire carries a large current in the direction indicated. A plotting compass is placed on the card. Which diagram shows the direction in which the needle of the plotting compass points?

Magnetic effect of a current

Which measurement is recorded to one tenth of a millimetre?

Physical quantities and measurement techniques

The diagram shows a car ignition switch and starter motor. The ignition switch is connected in a circuit with long, thin wires. The starter motor is connected in a circuit with short, thick wires. What explains why these wires are chosen?

Resistance

The diagram illustrates several white plastic beads inside a transparent plastic box. The box is shaken, causing the beads to rub against the box. The beads then cling to the inner surface of the box. Which row gives a possible explanation for this?

Electrical charge

Which unit is equivalent to a volt?

Electromotive force and potential difference

A voltage / current graph for a metal wire is displayed. What does the gradient of this graph indicate?

Resistance

What symbol is used for a device that measures current?

Circuit diagrams and circuit components

The cable for an electric cooker includes a live wire, a neutral wire and an earth wire. While the cooker is operating correctly, in which wires are the currents equal?

Electrical current

In a simple motor, the coil is placed between the poles of a permanent magnet. If a current flows through the coil, it turns about its axis. What would reduce the frequency of rotation of the coil?

The d.c. motor

A beam of electrons moves through a vacuum. As shown, the beam passes between the poles of a magnet. State the direction of the conventional current and the direction of the magnetic field.

Forces on a current-carrying conductor

A teacher is using the circuit diagram shown. The identical lamps X and Y are connected to a low voltage a.c. power supply through high resistance transmission wires. Both lamps are switched on. Lamp X is then switched off. Lamp Y remains switched on. What happens to the voltage and the power supplied to lamp Y?

Series and parallel circuits

A car battery allows current to flow in one direction only. To recharge the battery, current must flow in the opposite direction. Which circuit charges the battery, using an alternating current (a.c.) supply and a diode?

Action and use of circuit components

The sizes of three different electric charges are shown below. In which order should they be arranged, from greatest to least?

Electrical charge

A boron atom with no overall charge has 5 electrons and 5 protons. Its nucleon number (mass number) is 11. How many neutrons are present in the atom?

The nucleus

Four gravitational forces acting between bodies in the Solar System are given below. $P$: the force on the Moon from the Earth $Q$: the force on the Earth from the Sun $R$: the force on the Earth from the Moon $S$: the force on the Moon from the Sun Which two forces form a Newton’s third law pair (action and reaction)?

Balanced and unbalanced forces

A hot-air balloon moves at constant velocity and stays at a constant height above the ground. The diagram shows the four forces acting on the balloon, and no others. Which statement is correct?

Balanced and unbalanced forces

The diagram shows an object $O$ travelling from $X$ to $Y$ along a circular path with constant speed. In the position illustrated, what is the direction of the resultant force on $O$?

Circular motion

Four objects, each with a different mass, are placed in areas with varying gravitational field strengths. Which object has the largest weight?

Mass and weight

The metre rule shown is in equilibrium when a $4.0\text{ N}$ weight is used. Determine the weight $W$ of the metre rule.

Turning effect of forces

Which measurement corresponds to one tenth of a millimetre?

Physical quantities and measurement techniques

A metre rule of uniform composition is in equilibrium under a $4.0\,\text{N}$ weight, as illustrated. What is the weight $W$ of the metre rule?

Turning effect of forces

A big hook is attached to a pencil. The hook and pencil are in equilibrium on the edge of a table, as shown. Where is the centre of mass of the hook and pencil?

Centre of gravity

The diagram presents a graph of load versus extension for a material. At which point is the limit of proportionality?

Elastic deformation

A metal wire contains a radioactive isotope of the metal. The diagram shows masses hanging from the wire’s end. The masses are then taken off the wire. Which property will alter?

Elastic deformation

The diagram depicts a mercury manometer with one end sealed. What occurs to the distance $h$ when the manometer is moved to a greater height up a mountain?

Pressure

The pressure of the gas in a sealed syringe is increased slowly until it becomes twice its original value. The gas volume falls to half its starting value. What has to be true about the gas’s density and temperature?

Particle model

An object is raised. Which expression shows the increase in gravitational potential energy of the object?

Energy

The diagram depicts a small car with mass $500\,\text{kg}$ travelling towards a hill. It climbs the hill at constant speed. The gravitational field strength $g$ is $10\,\text{N kg}^{-1}$. If friction is ignored, how much work is done in raising the car up the hill?

Work

Which method for generating electricity does not make use of an a.c. generator?

The a.c. generator

The combined area of three solar panels is $7.2\,\text{m}^2$. In total, they deliver $1.0\,\text{kW}$ of power. For each panel, an area of $1.0\,\text{m}^2$ receives $0.80\,\text{kJ}$ of energy from the Sun in $1.0\,\text{s}$. What is the efficiency of the solar panels?

Efficiency

A woman runs $2.0\,\text{km}$ from $X$ to $Y$ in $20\,\text{minutes}$, then remains at $Y$ for $10\,\text{minutes}$. After that, she takes $10\,\text{minutes}$ to run $1.6\,\text{km}$ from $Y$ to $Z$. Determine the magnitude of her average velocity for the journey from $X$ to $Z$?

Motion

A student proposes three separate definitions of power. Which of these definitions are accurate?

Power

Which of the statements is correct?

Physical quantities and measurement techniques

How can latent heat be defined?

Melting, boiling and evaporation

In low-pressure hydrogen, the molecules experience no intermolecular forces apart from when they collide with one another. Which statement describes how a molecule moves between one collision and the next?

Particle model

A gas is contained in a vessel with a constant volume. Heat energy is transferred to the gas from an outside source. What occurs to the gas molecules?

Particle model

A water wave moves towards a boat that is not moving. As the wave goes past, the boat begins to move up and down and receives kinetic energy from the wave. Which wave property changes while the wave passes the boat?

General properties of waves

Which type of waves are longitudinal?

General properties of waves

An object is positioned at a distance from a converging lens equal to 2 times the focal length of the lens. Which statement about the image is correct?

Thin lenses

The lens shown in the diagram forms an image $I$ of the object $O$. Why does this not represent the ray diagram for a photographic enlarger?

Thin lenses

What is the approximate frequency range that a healthy human ear can hear?

Sound

A cyclist moving along a straight path at $8.0\,\text{m s}^{-1}$ increases speed to $12\,\text{m s}^{-1}$ over a period of $6.0\,\text{s}$. Which expression gives the cyclist’s acceleration?

Motion

In air, the speed of sound is $c_a$; in water, it is $c_w$; and in ice, it is $c_i$. Which relation is correct?

Sound

Each of the two bars has one labelled end, X or Y, as shown. The X end of bar 1 is first moved near the N-pole and then near the S-pole of a magnet. The Y end of bar 2 is first moved near the N-pole and then near the S-pole of the magnet. The table gives the observations. What materials are bar 1 and bar 2 made of?

Simple magnetism and magnetic fields

The diagram depicts a car ignition switch and starter motor. The ignition switch is connected in a circuit that uses long, thin wires. The starter motor is connected in a circuit that uses short, thick wires. What explains the selection of the wires?

Resistance

The diagram illustrates a simple circuit. What occurs when the resistance of the variable resistor is increased?

Action and use of circuit components

The diagram illustrates a simple electrical circuit. Which statement cannot be true?

Electric circuits

The cable for an electric cooker has a live wire, a neutral wire and an earth wire. When the cooker is operating properly, in which wires are the currents the same?

Electrical safety

The manufacturer of an electrical heater says that no more than one heater should be linked to the mains wiring through a single fuse. With just one heater in the circuit, the current is $9\,\text{A}$. The fuse rating is $10\,\text{A}$. Even though this warning is given, a second identical heater is connected, as shown. When the switch is closed, the fuse blows. The fuse is then changed for a $20\,\text{A}$ fuse. What occurs when the switch is closed?

Electrical safety

A coil is turning within a magnetic field. The coil is attached to an oscilloscope. The diagram shows the trace displayed on the oscilloscope screen. The coil then increases its speed and turns at twice the original rate. Which diagram shows the updated trace?

The a.c. generator

A teacher makes use of the circuit diagram shown. The matching lamps X and Y are linked to a low voltage a.c. power supply through high resistance transmission wires. Both lamps are turned on. Lamp X is then turned off. Lamp Y remains on. What effect does this have on the voltage and the power delivered to lamp Y?

Electric circuits

A car battery provides a current in one direction. If a current flows in the opposite direction, the battery is recharged. Which circuit uses an alternating current (a.c.) supply and a diode to recharge the battery?

Action and use of circuit components

The diagram illustrates the distance-time graph of an object in motion. What is the moving object?

Motion

A proton carries charge $q$ and has mass $m$. What are the charge and the mass of an alpha-particle?

The nuclear model of the atom

Four of the gravitational forces acting between bodies in the Solar System are shown below. $P$ the force on the Moon due to the Earth $Q$ the force on the Earth due to the Sun $R$ the force on the Earth due to the Moon $S$ the force on the Moon due to the Sun Which two forces form a Newton’s third law pair (action and reaction)?

Balanced and unbalanced forces

A parachutist with mass $60\,\text{kg}$ descends at a constant speed of $10\,\text{m s}^{-1}$. The gravitational field strength $g$ is $10\,\text{N kg}^{-1}$. What upward force is acting on the parachutist?

Mass and weight

A force pushes a box up a rough slope. The diagram labels 4 forces acting on the box. Which of these forces is the frictional force on the box?

Friction

The mass of object $P$ is larger than the mass of object $Q$. The two objects contain different amounts of matter and show different resistance to changes in motion. Which row is correct?

Mass and weight

Four objects with different masses are located in regions where the gravitational field strengths are different. Which object has the largest weight?

Mass and weight

Fig. 1.1 presents the distance-time graph for a trip by a cyclist from town A to town B. The cyclist departs from town A when $t = 0$ and reaches town B at $t = 4.0$ hours.

Motion

Fig. 10.1 contains vertical lines that mark the crests of a wave in a ripple tank. The diagram is drawn to scale, with $1.0\,\text{cm}$ on the diagram standing for $4.0\,\text{cm}$ in the tank. A crest needs $2.0\,\text{s}$ to move from $P$ to $Q$.

General properties of waves

A teacher performs a radioactivity experiment with the apparatus shown in Fig. 11.1. Count rate is found by measuring the count in one minute.

Radioactivity

A few energy sources used to generate electricity could be exhausted in the future. Underline the two that are most likely to run out first, ahead of the others: coal, oil, solar, tides, wave, wind.

Energy resources

An athlete pulls a large spring to build up the strength in his arms. As shown in Fig. 3.1, he stretches the spring and then lets it go gently. He repeats this stretching and releasing action several times over a period of $60\,\text{s}$.

Elastic deformation

Fig. 4.1 shows a cylinder fitted with a piston and containing a gas.

Particle model

A student is using the circuit in Fig. 5.1 to investigate resistor $R$.

Resistance

Fig. 6.1 shows the fuse fitted inside the plug of a hairdryer.

Electrical safety

Fig. 7.1 shows a section of a torch. No battery is fitted inside the torch. When the torch is shaken, the magnet moves back and forth through the coil.

Electromagnetic induction

Fig. 8.1 presents a circuit diagram that includes a $2000\,\Omega$ resistor with constant resistance and a thermistor.

Action and use of circuit components

Fig. 9.1 depicts a parachutist descending straight down towards the ground. The parachutist has a mass of $60\,\text{kg}$ and a weight of $600\,\text{N}$.

Motion

A student measures the mass and volume of two irregular-shaped objects, one iron and the other copper, using the apparatus shown in Fig. 1.1. Table 1.1 gives the outcomes obtained.

Density

Fig. 10.1 shows a soldering iron. Solder is an alloy of metals used to make a permanent contact between electrical wires. The heating element increases the temperature of the metal tip. When solder is placed against the tip, it melts and flows over the wires to be joined. As the solder cools, it solidifies and the permanent connection is formed. The working temperature of the metal tip is $380\,^{\circ}\text{C}$.

Transfer of thermal energy

Stars form within a cloud of gas and dust in space. As a star begins to form, the cloud shrinks as it collapses.

Radioactivity

Fig. 2.1 illustrates a gas container attached to a manometer. The manometer tube has a uniform cross-sectional area. The gas inside the container produces a pressure.

Pressure

Fig. 3.1 illustrates three light rays moving through water from a light source S. At the water-air boundary, one of the rays is totally internally reflected.

Refraction of light

A star gives off electromagnetic radiation over a spread of wavelengths. Fig. 4.1 shows how the brightness of the star’s radiation changes with wavelength. The radiation from the star is brightest at one wavelength.

Electromagnetic spectrum

Fig. 5.1 shows part of a machine used to investigate electrostatic charging. Before the machine is switched on, the metal dome and the ball have no charge. Once the machine is switched on, the metal dome gains a negative charge.

Electrical charge

Two lamps, P and Q, are joined to a battery with electromotive force (e.m.f.) $6.0\,\text{V}$ and an ammeter, as shown in Fig. 6.1. Lamp P has a resistance of $15\,\Omega$. The ammeter gives a reading of $0.65\,\text{A}$.

Series and parallel circuits

Fig. 7.1 shows a copper wire resting on two copper rods in the magnetic field between the poles of a magnet. Crocodile clip A is in contact with the positive terminal of the battery. As a result, the copper wire starts to move.

Forces on a current-carrying conductor

Fig. 8.1 illustrates a device that is used to demonstrate the force on an electron in an electric field.

Electrical charge

Fig. 9.1 is a map showing the path a car follows when it goes from town A to town B. This trip has both a distance and a displacement.

Motion

A student explores how the resistance of a light-dependent resistor (LDR) changes with light brightness. He uses a lamp to alter the brightness falling on the LDR. The LDR is fixed to a wooden block so that it stands a distance $l$ above the bench. The lamp is positioned directly above the LDR at a height $h$ above the bench, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Resistance

A student uses an oscilloscope to investigate the speed of sound $v$ in air. He is using the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 2.1.

Sound

A student is examining the upward force acting on a cylinder in water. Before the cylinder is put into the water, he hangs it from the end of a newton meter, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.

Forces

A student carries out an investigation to determine whether cotton wool or bubble wrap is the better insulator. She is given the following apparatus: a $100\,\text{cm}^{3}$ glass beaker, a supply of hot water, a rectangular piece of cotton wool, a rectangular piece of bubble wrap, adhesive tape.

Transfer of thermal energy

A student uses an electrical method to obtain an approximate value for the specific heat capacity of water. The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of the substance by $1\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. He arranges the apparatus as shown in Fig. 1.1. He pours a mass $m$ of water into a beaker, with $m = 100\,\text{g}$. He puts a heater into the water in the beaker. He attaches a voltmeter so that it measures the potential difference across the heater. The student measures the water’s starting temperature and notes it at time $t = 0$ in Table 1.1. He closes the switch, starts a stopwatch and measures the temperature $\theta$ of the water every $60\,\text{s}$ for $6\,\text{minutes}$. He records the current $I$ in the heater and the potential difference $V$ across the heater. His readings are: $I = 4.0\,\text{A}$ and $V = 14.8\,\text{V}$. He opens the switch.

Specific heat capacity

A student uses a ray box to examine how a ray of blue light is refracted as it passes through a glass prism. He arranges the apparatus as shown in Fig. 2.1 on a sheet of paper.

Refraction of light

A student is exploring the maximum height $h$ reached by a ball after it strikes a laboratory bench. Her apparatus is arranged as shown in Fig. 3.1.

Physical quantities and measurement techniques

Inside a box there is an unknown electrical component. It is joined to two external terminals P and Q on the outside of the box. As shown in the circuit diagram of Fig. 4.1, a battery, an ammeter, a switch, a lamp and two crocodile clips are connected. The unknown component is either a broken wire or a connecting wire or a diode.

Electric circuits