Chemistry 0620 · IGCSE
Solids, liquids and gases
100 practice questions on Solids, liquids and gases, with worked solutions and instant marking.
The four physical changes below are given. 1 condensation 2 evaporation 3 freezing 4 sublimation For which of these changes do the particles become farther apart?
Feb/March 2018
Substance L has a melting point of $-7\,^{\circ}\text{C}$ and appears as a brown liquid at room temperature. Which temperature gives the boiling point of pure L?
Feb/March 2018
At room temperature, substance L is a brown liquid, and its melting point is $-7\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. Which temperature corresponds to the boiling point of pure L?
Feb/March 2018
This question concerns gases.
Feb/March 2018
The four processes below are given. 1 Brownian motion 2 condensation 3 diffusion 4 evaporation Which of these processes involve a change of state?
Feb/March 2019
At 100 ^{\circ}C, pure water boils. What happens to the water particles as the water boils?
Feb/March 2019
Which row shows the particles of a gas colliding the most often?
Feb/March 2020
For which changes do the particles become more widely spaced? $\text{gas} \xrightleftharpoons[\,Y\,]{\,W\,} \text{liquid} \xrightleftharpoons[\,Z\,]{\,X\,} \text{solid}$
Feb/March 2021
Fractional distillation is used to separate gases from liquid air. The boiling points of four gases are given below. Which gas is monoatomic and also a liquid at $-200\,^{\circ}\text{C}$?
Feb/March 2021
Impurities alter the melting and boiling points of substances. Sodium chloride is added to a sample of pure water. How does adding sodium chloride affect the melting point and the boiling point of the water?
Feb/March 2021
Which row correctly describes a change of state?
Feb/March 2021
The particle arrangements in solids, liquids and gases are not the same. Which statement about the molecules in ice, water or steam is correct?
Feb/March 2023
The melting points and boiling points of three elements are given at $1$ atm pressure. Separate samples of argon, nitrogen and oxygen are kept at $-200\,^\circ\text{C}$ and at $1$ atm pressure. How many of the samples are liquids?
Feb/March 2023
Substance M is a solid at $30\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. It is heated to $80\,^{\circ}\text{C}$, and its temperature is then recorded as it cools to room temperature. The cooling curve is shown. Between which times does substance M freeze?
Feb/March 2023
Which of the following statements about a solid, a liquid or a gas is correct?
Feb/March 2024
A diagram of the fractional distillation of petroleum is shown. Which fraction has the lowest volatility?
Feb/March 2024
Solid X is heated for 600 seconds. The graph illustrates the heating curve produced. What is the melting point of X?
Feb/March 2024
Substance L does not keep a fixed shape and instead takes on the shape of the container holding it. What could the state of matter of substance L be?
Feb/March 2025
The melting points and boiling points of the pure substances M, N and O are given below. Melting points / $^{\circ}\text{C}$: M $-114$, N $115$, O $-101$. Boiling points / $^{\circ}\text{C}$: M $78$, N $445$, O $-34$. The substances are chlorine, ethanol and sulfur. Which row matches M, N and O?
Feb/March 2025
The diagrams illustrate gas containers at the same temperature. Each container is the same size. Which container holds the gas at the greatest pressure?
Feb/March 2025
A cooling curve for a substance is displayed. Which statement is correct?
Feb/March 2025
For which changes do the particles become more widely spaced? $\text{gas} \; \overset{W}{\underset{Y}{\rightleftharpoons}} \; \text{liquid} \; \overset{X}{\underset{Z}{\rightleftharpoons}} \; \text{solid}$
May/June 2016
During which changes do the particles become more widely spaced? gas $\rightleftharpoons$ liquid $\rightleftharpoons$ solid The changes are identified as follows: W: gas to liquid X: liquid to solid Y: liquid to gas Z: solid to liquid
May/June 2016
During which changes do the particles become more widely spaced? $ \text{gas} \;\xrightleftharpoons[\;Y\;]{\;W\;}\; \text{liquid} \;\xrightleftharpoons[\;Z\;]{\;X\;}\; \text{solid} $
May/June 2016
Which statement gives the description of the attractive forces between molecules (intermolecular forces)?
May/June 2016
The particles in a substance absorb energy and move from a regular, ordered arrangement to a disordered arrangement with large gaps between the particles. What change of state is being described?
May/June 2016
Which statement gives the description of the attractive forces between molecules (intermolecular forces)?
May/June 2016
Solder is an alloy made from lead and tin.
May/June 2016
The graph illustrates how the volume of a fixed mass of carbon dioxide gas changes when the pressure is increased at constant temperature.
May/June 2016
The diagram illustrates several changes of state. Which words name the changes of state, P, Q, R and S?
May/June 2017
The diagram shows a section of a thermometer. What reading is shown on the thermometer?
May/June 2017
A pure sample of water boils at $100\,^{\circ}\text{C}$ and solidifies at $0\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. For a sample of aqueous sodium chloride, what are the boiling point and freezing point?
May/June 2017
Four statements about how particles are arranged are shown below. 1. Particles are arranged in a regular pattern. 2. Particles are arranged at random. 3. Particles slide over one another. 4. Particles vibrate around fixed positions. Which statements describe the particles in a solid?
May/June 2017
Impurities alter the melting point and the boiling point of substances. Sodium chloride is added to a sample of pure water. What effect does adding sodium chloride have on the water’s melting point and boiling point?
May/June 2017
Diagrams R, S and T show the three states of matter. Which change takes place during freezing?
May/June 2017
Why are weather balloons sometimes inflated with helium instead of hydrogen?
May/June 2017
Pure water boils at $100\degree\text{C}$ and freezes at $0\degree\text{C}$. What are the boiling point and freezing point of a sample of aqueous sodium chloride?
May/June 2017
Impurities alter the melting point and the boiling point of substances. Sodium chloride is added to a sample of pure water. What effect does adding sodium chloride have on the water’s melting point and boiling point?
May/June 2017
Why are weather balloons sometimes inflated with helium instead of hydrogen?
May/June 2017
Compound X has a melting point of $71\,^{\circ}\text{C}$ and a boiling point of $375\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. Which of the following statements about X is correct?
May/June 2017
The diagram shows part of the structures of three substances, X, Y and Z, at room temperature and pressure.
May/June 2017
The diagram depicts part of the structures of three substances, X, Y and Z, at room temperature and pressure.
May/June 2017
The diagram presents part of the structures of three substances, P, Q and R, at room temperature and pressure.
May/June 2017
The diagrams illustrate particles inside a container. Which two diagrams represent the process of evaporation?
May/June 2018
The melting points and boiling points for the pure substances W, X and Y are given. Melting point / $^\circ\text{C}$: $W = -114$, $X = 115$, $Y = -101$ Boiling point / $^\circ\text{C}$: $W = 78$, $X = 445$, $Y = -34$ The substances are chlorine, ethanol and sulfur. Which row matches W, X and Y?
May/June 2018
When iodine is heated, it changes from a solid into a gas. When liquid ammonia is cooled, it changes into a solid. When ice is heated, it changes into water. Which names are used for these changes of state?
May/June 2018
Dry air is passed across heated copper until the oxygen has completely reacted. The gas volume at the end of the reaction is $120\text{ cm}^3$. What was the initial volume of dry air?
May/June 2018
Pure ethanol melts at $-114\,^{\circ}\text{C}$ and boils at $78\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. What are the melting point and boiling point of a sample of ethanol that has glucose dissolved in it?
May/June 2018
Dry air is led over hot copper until every trace of oxygen has reacted. The gas volume after the reaction is $120\,\text{cm}^3$. What was the initial volume of dry air?
May/June 2018
The melting points of four lead(II) bromide samples containing impurities were measured. The findings are shown. Which sample is the purest?
May/June 2018
Dry air is led over heated copper until every last trace of oxygen has reacted. At the end of the reaction, the gas volume is $120\,\text{cm}^3$. What was the initial volume of dry air?
May/June 2018
Limonene is a volatile liquid with an orange smell.
May/June 2018
Sodium chloride exists as a liquid at 900^{\circ}C. In sodium chloride at 900^{\circ}C, what is the arrangement of the particles, and in what way do the particles move?
May/June 2019
Which row shows how particles are arranged and how they move in a solid?
May/June 2019
Which row gives the arrangement and movement of the particles in a liquid?
May/June 2019
Z is a covalent substance. In one experiment, a pure solid sample of Z was heated continuously for 11 minutes. The graph indicates how the temperature of the pure Z sample changed during the first 9 minutes.
May/June 2019
Which row shows how particles are arranged and how they move in a liquid?
May/June 2021
Why is helium chosen for filling balloons?
May/June 2021
When iodine is heated, it changes directly from a grey solid into a purple gas. What is this process called?
May/June 2021
A $1\,\text{cm}^3$ portion of substance X is collected. This is sample 1. X is then changed into another physical state, and a $1\,\text{cm}^3$ portion is collected. This is sample 2. Sample 2 has a greater number of particles in the $1\,\text{cm}^3$ than sample 1. Which process led to this rise in the number of particles in $1\,\text{cm}^3$?
May/June 2021
The particle arrangements in two solids, S and T, are illustrated. What are S and T?
May/June 2021
A $1\text{ cm}^3$ portion of substance X is obtained; this is sample 1. X is then changed into another physical state, and a $1\text{ cm}^3$ portion is obtained. This is sample 2. Sample 2 has a greater number of particles in the $1\text{ cm}^3$ than sample 1. Which process led to this increase in the number of particles in $1\text{ cm}^3$?
May/June 2021
Diagrams of the three states of matter for carbon dioxide are shown. Which pair of diagrams represents the states of matter before and after carbon dioxide sublimes?
May/June 2022
Substances alter state when their temperature changes. Which state changes happen if the temperature of a substance is reduced?
May/June 2022
Iodine is shown in two separate physical states. In state 1, iodine is made up of $\text{I}_2$ molecules that are far apart and moving quickly at random. In state 2, iodine is made up of $\text{I}_2$ molecules that are tightly packed together and only vibrate. Iodine can change directly from state 2 to state 1. Which row for state 2 and for the change from state 2 to state 1 is correct?
May/June 2022
The chemical equation for the reaction of barium chloride with dilute sulfuric acid is given below. $\text{BaCl}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 \rightarrow \text{BaSO}_4 + 2\text{HCl}$ Which row gives the correct state symbols for this equation?
May/June 2022
The equation representing the reaction of barium chloride with dilute sulfuric acid is given. $\text{BaCl}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 \rightarrow \text{BaSO}_4 + 2\text{HCl}$. Which row gives the state symbols for this equation?
May/June 2022
The diagram illustrates the structure of a solid. Which solids are shown in the diagram?
May/June 2023
Four changes of state for ethanol are shown below. 1 condensation 2 evaporation 3 freezing 4 boiling In which of these changes do the particles become further apart?
May/June 2023
Nitrogen is warmed inside a balloon, causing the balloon to expand a little. Which of the following statements about the nitrogen molecules are correct? 1. They get farther apart. 2. They move faster. 3. They stay the same distance apart. 4. Their speed does not change.
May/June 2023
What might the melting point and boiling point be for water that has an impurity dissolved in it?
May/June 2023
The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in a solid. Which solids are shown by the diagram?
May/June 2023
A list shows four physical changes of ethanol. 1 condensation 2 evaporation 3 freezing 4 boiling During which of these changes do the particles become more widely spaced?
May/June 2023
Nitrogen is warmed inside a balloon, causing it to expand a little. Which statements about the nitrogen molecules are correct?
May/June 2023
The boiling point of sodium is $890\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. What occurs to sodium atoms as the temperature of a sodium sample falls from $950\,^{\circ}\text{C}$ to $900\,^{\circ}\text{C}$?
May/June 2024
Which row shows the conditions under which gas particles collide most often?
May/June 2024
Which statement about gases is true?
May/June 2024
A sample of argon gas is warmed in a sealed container. Which row shows what happens to the pressure and the size of the argon atoms?
May/June 2024
Which two processes are needed to turn ice into steam?
May/June 2024
Which row shows how a gas’s volume alters when the temperature rises, or when the pressure rises?
May/June 2024
A gas is warmed. Its pressure remains constant. Which statement describes how the particles in the gas behave?
May/June 2024
A mixture of ice and water is left undisturbed, and the ice melts. Which row shows what occurs while the ice is melting?
May/June 2024
Sodium chloride is in the liquid state at $900\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. Which row gives the arrangement and movement of the particles in sodium chloride at $900\,^{\circ}\text{C}$?
May/June 2024
What process occurs when water vapour turns into rain?
May/June 2025
The diagrams illustrate how particles are arranged in three different states of matter. Which row describes how the particles’ energy and particle motion change for the stated change of state?
May/June 2025
Substance L has a melting point of $-7\,^{\circ}\text{C}$ and appears as a brown liquid at room temperature. What is the boiling point of pure L?
May/June 2025
Which row shows how a gas’s volume changes when its temperature is raised at constant pressure and when its pressure is raised at constant temperature?
May/June 2025
Liquid iron is cooled until it turns into solid iron. Which statement about the particles in iron is correct?
May/June 2025
A gas is enclosed in a sealed container of fixed volume. The gas is heated. Which statements are correct?
May/June 2025
A sample of ethanol is warmed at a steady rate. The heating curve for this sample is shown. Which statement about the heating curve is correct?
May/June 2025
An ice cube melts. What happens to the water molecules in the ice cube?
May/June 2025
A sample of the liquid, $X$, is warmed until it is at a temperature higher than its boiling point. $X$ is then allowed to cool, so that it condenses and then freezes. Which graph shows how the temperature of $X$ varies with time?
May/June 2025
Pure ethanol melts at $-114\,^{\circ}\text{C}$ and boils at $78\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. What are the melting point and boiling point of an ethanol sample in which glucose is dissolved?
May/June 2025
When the same fixed amount of gas is altered in two ways simultaneously, which two changes produce the greatest increase in the gas volume?
May/June 2025
Solid G is heated until it melts. It is then allowed to cool back to room temperature. The graph shows the cooling curve for G. Four statements about the cooling curve between X and Y are given. Which statements are correct?
May/June 2025
The diagram illustrates the state changes that occur when sulfur is heated.
Oct/Nov 2016
This graph illustrates how sodium’s temperature changes as it is heated at a steady rate in an argon atmosphere.
Oct/Nov 2016
The diagram illustrates what happens to phosphorus as it is cooled slowly down to room temperature: phosphorus vapour $\xrightarrow{A}$ liquid phosphorus $\xrightarrow{B}$ solid phosphorus.
Oct/Nov 2016
Matter may be found as a solid, a liquid or a gas. The arrows indicate several changes of state.
Oct/Nov 2016
Particles act differently in different physical states.
Oct/Nov 2016