Oct/Nov 2025

The table lists some physical quantities. Which row correctly classifies the quantities as scalars or vectors?

Scalars and vectors

A body of mass $m$ travels at $9.0\,\text{m s}^{-1}$ and undergoes a head-on elastic collision with a second body of mass $2m$ that is initially at rest. Following the collision, both bodies are in motion. No external forces act on the system. What is the velocity of the body of mass $2m$ after the collision?

Linear momentum and its conservation

The graph illustrates how a motorcycle’s momentum varies with time. What resultant force acts on the motorcycle?

Momentum and Newton's laws of motion

A rocket has a weight of $W$ and, as it rises vertically from the ground, has an initial acceleration of $a$. The acceleration of free fall is $g$. Which expression represents the initial upward force produced on the rocket by the engine?

Momentum and Newton's laws of motion

A rod of uniform density has weight $28\,\text{N}$ and is held in equilibrium by a force $F$ at one end. It is connected to a frictionless hinge at end X. What is the magnitude of $F$?

Turning effects of forces

A rod is acted on by two forces, each with magnitude $F$, in opposite directions. Each force is applied to the rod at a point a distance $d$ from pivot P. What is the torque of this couple about P?

Turning effects of forces

A man with weight $600\,\text{N}$ is standing with both feet flat on the ground. What is a sensible estimate of the pressure exerted on the ground by the man's weight?

Density and pressure

The formula for the upthrust acting on a block of wood that is partly submerged in water is given as $F = \rho g V$. What do the symbols $\rho$ and $V$ stand for?

Density and pressure

An object with a mass of $100\,\text{g}$ descends through a vertical height of $10\,\text{m}$. What is the change in the gravitational potential energy of the object?

Gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy

A bungee jumper leaps from a platform and is slowed down by an elastic bungee cord, as shown. As the jumper starts the jump, his initial gravitational potential energy relative to the ground is transformed into kinetic energy and elastic potential energy in the cord. At which stage of the jump are all three forms of energy non-zero?

Energy conservation

A sailboat is driven by the wind at a steady velocity $v$ across a lake. The wind force and the sailboat’s velocity act in the same direction. Which further piece of information is needed in order to determine the rate at which the wind does work on the sailboat?

Energy conservation

Two measured quantities are given as $L = 6.8 \pm 0.1\,\text{cm}$ and $T = 2.42 \pm 0.08\,\text{s}$. The relationship between $L$ and $T$ and $X$ is shown by $X = \frac{4\pi^2 L}{T^2}$. Calculate the value and uncertainty of $X$.

Errors and uncertainties

One end of a spring is held in place. A tensile force $F$ is applied to the other end, causing the spring length $L$ to increase. The graph illustrates how $L$ changes with $F$. What is the elastic potential energy stored in the spring when $F$ is $6.0\,\text{N}$?

Energy conservation

An unstretched wire has a length of $2.00\,\text{m}$. A stress of $1.6 \times 10^{5}\,\text{Pa}$ is applied to the wire, causing its length to become $2.10\,\text{m}$. The wire follows Hooke’s law. What is the Young modulus of the wire?

Physical quantities

What are the SI base units used for stress?

SI units

The diagram presents a force-extension graph for a rubber band while the band is stretched and then the stretching force is reduced to zero. What can be inferred from the graph?

Errors and uncertainties

Which row gives the correct answer for sound waves?

Physical quantities

A source produces a progressive sound wave along the horizontal direction. The wave moves away from the source towards the right. The graph illustrates how the displacement of particles from their equilibrium positions changes with distance from the source at one specific moment. Displacements to the right of the equilibrium positions are taken as positive. Position Y shows the displacement of a particle in the sound wave at a particular distance from the source at this instant. Which statement about the motion of this particle is correct?

Scalars and vectors

Two polarising filters are positioned side by side with their planes parallel. The transmission axis of the first polarising filter is inclined at an angle of $50^{\circ}$ to the vertical. The transmission axis of the second polarising filter is inclined at an angle of $20^{\circ}$ to the vertical. The angle separating the transmission axes of the two polarising filters is $30^{\circ}$. A beam of vertically polarised light with intensity $8.0\,\text{W m}^{-2}$ is incident normally on the first polarising filter. What is the intensity of the light transmitted by the second polarising filter?

Scalars and vectors

A dolphin is moving at a speed of $16.0\,\text{m s}^{-1}$ straight towards a stationary underwater microphone. The dolphin produces a sound with frequency $122\,\text{kHz}$. The speed of sound in water is $1480\,\text{m s}^{-1}$. What frequency is detected by the microphone?

Turning effects of forces

A student performs a double-slit experiment with a laser that produces red light of wavelength $680\,\text{nm}$. The light falls normally on a double slit. The diagram shows part of the bright-fringe pattern seen on a screen $2.4\,\text{m}$ from the slits. The distance spanning five bright fringes is $34\,\text{mm}$. Determine the slit separation.

SI units

The diagram illustrates a stationary wave on a stretched spring at one particular moment. Two particles on the spring, P and Q, are marked. Which statement correctly describes the vibrations of P and Q?

Non-uniform motion

Which SI base units make up the watt?

SI units

Green laser light is incident on a diffraction grating and produces an interference pattern. The diffraction grating has 400 lines per mm. The wavelength of the laser light is $550\,\text{nm}$. What is the highest order diffraction maximum that the grating produces?

SI units

A resistor has resistance $R$ and a potential difference $V$ is applied across it. The current through the resistor is $I$. Which equation gives the power $P$ dissipated by the resistor?

Energy conservation

State one possible value for the charge on a particle.

Physical quantities

The graphs indicate possible current-voltage ($I$-$V$) characteristics for a filament lamp and for a semiconductor diode. Which row shows the $I$-$V$ graphs for the lamp and for the diode?

Physical quantities

The diagram presents a circuit that includes a battery and cells with negligible internal resistance. Several values of current, electromotive force (e.m.f.) and resistance are given. One resistor is marked P. What is the resistance of resistor P?

SI units

The diagram illustrates a circuit containing a battery connected to a resistor $R$. The battery has an internal resistance, shown by resistor $r$. A second resistor, which is the same as $R$, is then connected in parallel with $R$. Which row states how the potential difference (p.d.) across $r$ and the current on the ammeter change when the second resistor is added?

Momentum and Newton's laws of motion

Two identical wires X and Y, each having length $L$ and radius $r$, are joined in parallel as shown. The resistance of this arrangement is $R_1$. Wire X is then replaced by a wire made from the same material with length $L$ and radius $2r$. The resistance of the updated arrangement is $R_2$. What is the ratio $\frac{R_1}{R_2}$?

SI units

The diagram illustrates the currents in one section of an electric circuit. The resistors are identical. Which equation is not correct?

Physical quantities

The diagram illustrates a decay chain with three $\alpha$-particles and one $\beta^{-}$ particle: $^{237}_{93}\mathrm{Np} \rightarrow Q \rightarrow R \rightarrow S \rightarrow T$ where the decays are $\alpha$, $\beta^{-}$, $\alpha$, $\alpha$ in that order. What is nuclide T?

Energy conservation

By altering the number of electrons in a neutral atom of the plutonium isotope, $^{{239}}_{{94}}\text{Pu}$, a charged atom (ion) W is formed. W carries a net charge of $+1.6 \times 10^{-19}\text{ C}$. What are the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in W?

SI units

The diagram illustrates two forces of $6.0\,\text{N}$ acting on an object. The angle between the directions of action of these two forces is $60^\circ$. What is the magnitude of the resultant force?

Scalars and vectors

Identify the particle that is a lepton.

Physical quantities

At $t = 0$, a goods train moves past a station at steady speed of $10\,\text{m s}^{-1}$. An express train is stationary at the station. As the goods train passes, the express train starts from the station with a constant acceleration of $0.5\,\text{m s}^{-2}$. The two trains travel in the same direction on straight, parallel tracks. At what time $t$ does the express train overtake the goods train?

Equations of motion

A ball is kept above the ground and then let go. It drops to the ground and rebounds several times. The graph shows how the ball’s velocity $v$ changes with time $t$. Four points on the graph are marked P, Q, R and S. Which statement is not correct?

Non-uniform motion

A body is launched horizontally. It drops through a vertical distance $y$ while moving a horizontal distance $x$ before it reaches the ground. A second body is launched horizontally at the same initial velocity and drops through a vertical distance $4y$ before reaching the ground. Take air resistance to be negligible. What horizontal distance does the second body cover?

Equations of motion

A sphere is released from rest and falls through air. The graph illustrates how the sphere’s velocity changes with time. Which diagram represents the forces acting on the sphere when its velocity is the one at point P on the graph?

Non-uniform motion

In what situation is total linear momentum always conserved?

Linear momentum and its conservation

What would be a sensible estimate for the weight of an adult human?

Errors and uncertainties

The diagram gives a plan view of two balls travelling on a horizontal surface with no friction just before they collide. The momentum of each ball is also indicated. During the collision, the balls remain stuck together. Which vector diagram shows the total momentum of the balls after the collision?

Linear momentum and its conservation

A skydiver descends with a steady velocity. She then deploys her parachute. The graph displays how her velocity changes with time. Which of the following statements about the skydiver's motion are correct?

Non-uniform motion

Two blocks, P and Q, move towards one another on a horizontal frictionless surface. They undergo an elastic collision. The diagram indicates the velocities of the two blocks immediately after the collision. Which row shows a possible pair of velocities for the two blocks just before the collision?

Linear momentum and its conservation

Which diagram illustrates a couple?

Turning effects of forces

The diagram represents a uniform bar with mass $M$ and length $L$ supported on a pivot positioned a distance $x$ from end X. A mass $m$ is put on the bar at a distance $y$ from the pivot so that the bar remains in equilibrium. What expression gives $y$?

Turning effects of forces

The mass and volume of an object are altered. Which two adjustments, when applied together, must make the density of the object greater?

Density and pressure

When a solid object is totally submerged in a liquid on Earth, it experiences an upthrust $U_E$. The same object, when totally submerged in the same liquid on Mars, experiences an upthrust $U_M$. The acceleration of free fall on Mars is $3.7\text{ m s}^{-2}$. Assume that the density of the liquid and the object’s volume have identical values on Earth and Mars. What is the ratio $\frac{U_M}{U_E}$?

Density and pressure

A student tries to derive the equation for kinetic energy $E_K$. She starts with an object of mass $m$ that is initially stationary. A constant force $F$ acting on the object makes it accelerate from rest to a final speed $v$ over a displacement $s$. The kinetic energy gained by the object equals the work done on it by force $F$. Which equation does the student not need when deriving the formula for $E_K$?

Energy conservation

A ball moves downward to the ground from point X. Point X is $2.4\text{ m}$ above the ground. After rebounding from the ground, the ball rises to point Y. Point Y is $1.8\text{ m}$ above the ground. To find the change in gravitational potential energy of the ball from X to Y, one value of the change in height $\Delta h$ is used. What is the size of $\Delta h$?

Gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy

The diagram illustrates a block resting on a slope. A constant force of $1.8\text{ N}$, acting parallel to the slope, is applied to the block. As a result, the block travels along the slope at constant speed. It covers a distance of $8.0\text{ m}$ up the slope and rises through a height $h$. The work done against the frictional force on the block is $4.8\text{ J}$. The weight of the block is $4.0\text{ N}$. What is the value of $h$?

Energy conservation

Which term describes a data set that shows high precision?

Errors and uncertainties

A crane motor lifts a load with mass $600\text{ kg}$. The load is raised vertically at a steady speed of $12\text{ m}$ per minute. What is the useful power output of the motor?

Energy conservation

A spring holds up a platform. A box is then put on the platform. The diagram illustrates the spring before and after the box has been placed on it. What is the name of the quantity labelled as $x$?

Equilibrium of forces

A copper wire is $1.7\text{ m}$ long and has a uniform diameter of $0.64\text{ mm}$. The Young modulus of copper is $1.2 \times 10^{11}\text{ Pa}$. What is the spring constant of the wire?

SI units

The graph illustrates how a spring’s extension changes with the force applied to stretch it. What is the elastic potential energy stored in the spring when the extension is $4.0\text{ cm}$?

Energy conservation

Which row gives a description of a progressive longitudinal wave?

Scalars and vectors

What phase difference is there between points P and Q on the progressive wave shown in the diagram?

Physical quantities

The graph illustrates how displacement changes with distance for two progressive waves X and Y of the same type travelling in the same medium. The intensity of wave X is $I$. What is the intensity of wave Y?

Physical quantities

A source that is moving emits sound at a frequency of $1200\text{ Hz}$. A stationary observer receives sound at a frequency of $960\text{ Hz}$. The speed of sound is $340\text{ m s}^{-1}$. What could be the velocity of the source?

Density and pressure

A light wave travels through a single slit, producing a diffraction pattern. As the wave is diffracted, what happens to its frequency and its speed?

Energy conservation

The equation $n\lambda = d\sin\theta$ may be applied with a diffraction grating to determine the wavelength of visible light. Which quantity is unsuitable for use in this equation?

Physical quantities

Which physical quantity may be expressed in units of $\text{N s}^{2}\text{ m}^{-1}$?

SI units

When two progressive sound waves travel in opposite directions and combine by superposition to produce a stationary wave, which statement correctly describes an antinode in this stationary wave?

Scalars and vectors

A student links two loudspeakers to a signal generator. While the student moves from P to Q, he observes that the sound gets louder and quieter over and over again. What makes the loudness of the sound change?

Non-uniform motion

A resistor has constant resistance and carries a current of $8.0\text{ mA}$. The power dissipated in the resistor is $P$. The current through the resistor is then raised to $12.0\text{ mA}$. What is the resistor’s new power dissipation?

Physical quantities

Wire X is a piece of wire with resistivity $\rho$, length $L$ and cross-sectional area $A$. Its resistance is $R$. A different metal is used to make a second wire, Y. Wire Y has the same resistance as X, but its length is twice that of X. Which row shows suitable values for the resistivity and cross-sectional area of Y?

Physical quantities

A cell with electromotive force (e.m.f.) $E$ transfers a charge $Q$ to an external circuit. Which statement is correct?

Physical quantities

The diagram illustrates a circuit containing a battery with electromotive force (e.m.f.) $60\text{ V}$ and negligible internal resistance, a $20\text{ k}\Omega$ resistor, a thermistor and a voltmeter. The thermistor has a resistance of $20\text{ k}\Omega$. Its temperature falls, causing its resistance to alter by $50\%$. Following this change, what value does the voltmeter show?

SI units

A potentiometer circuit is being used to find the electromotive force (e.m.f.) $E_x$ of a cell. The arrangement contains a second cell with a known e.m.f. $E_0$ and negligible internal resistance, together with a uniform resistance wire PQ of known length. $E_x$ is smaller than $E_0$. The sliding contact J may be placed at any point along the resistance wire. Which circuit arrangement is suitable for determining $E_x$?

SI units

Kirchhoff’s first and second laws are linked to the conservation of which two quantities?

Linear momentum and its conservation

An up quark inside a hadron is converted into a down quark. The elementary charge is $e$. What is the magnitude of the change in the charge of the hadron?

Physical quantities

When a nucleus of magnesium-23 decays into a nucleus of sodium-23, it emits a $\beta^{+}$ particle and particle X. What particle is X?

Linear momentum and its conservation

A ball is let go from rest. Both the distance through which the ball drops and the time taken for it to drop that distance are measured. The percentage uncertainty in the measured distance is negligible. The percentage uncertainty in the measured time is $4\%$. These measurements are then used to determine the acceleration of free fall. Air resistance is negligible. What is the percentage uncertainty in the calculated value of the acceleration of free fall?

Errors and uncertainties

A nucleus of $^{238}_{92}\text{U}$ undergoes a sequence of decays by releasing $\alpha$-particles and $\beta^{-}$ particles, and it finally changes into a nucleus of $^{206}_{82}\text{Pb}$. How many $\alpha$-particles and how many $\beta^{-}$ particles are emitted in the decay chain?

Physical quantities

A car starts with velocity $u$. It then travels in a straight line with constant acceleration $a$ over a displacement $d$. The car ends with final velocity $v$. Which expression gives the initial velocity $u$ of the car?

Equations of motion

A bicycle slows down with uniform deceleration, changing from a speed of $8\,\text{m s}^{-1}$ to $6\,\text{m s}^{-1}$ while covering a distance of $7\,\text{m}$. The bicycle’s deceleration is constant throughout. What additional distance will the bicycle cover before it stops?

Equations of motion

A velocity-time graph for an object is shown. Which expression determines the object’s total displacement?

Non-uniform motion

Which statement gives the meaning of an object's weight?

Momentum and Newton's laws of motion

What does the principle of conservation of momentum state?

Linear momentum and its conservation

The table lists several physical quantities. Which row correctly classifies the quantities as scalars or vectors?

Scalars and vectors

A body of mass $m$ travelling with velocity $9.0\,\text{m s}^{-1}$ undergoes a head-on elastic collision with another body of mass $2m$ that is initially at rest. Following the collision, both bodies are moving. No external forces act on the system. What is the velocity of the body of mass $2m$ after the collision?

Linear momentum and its conservation

The graph indicates how the momentum of a motorcycle varies with time. What is the resultant force acting on the motorcycle?

Momentum and Newton's laws of motion

A rocket of weight $W$ rises vertically from the ground with an initial acceleration of $a$. Take the acceleration of free fall to be $g$. Which expression gives the initial upward force produced on the rocket by the engine?

Momentum and Newton's laws of motion

A uniform rod with weight $28\,\text{N}$ is held at one end by a force $F$. The rod is in equilibrium and is connected to a frictionless hinge at end X. What is the magnitude of $F$?

Turning effects of forces

A rod is acted on by two forces, each of magnitude $F$, applied in opposite directions. Each force acts on the rod at a distance $d$ from the pivot P. What is the torque of this couple about P?

Turning effects of forces

A man whose weight is $600\,\text{N}$ is standing with both feet flat on the ground. What is a reasonable estimate of the pressure on the ground due to the man's weight?

Density and pressure

The equation for the upthrust on a block of wood that is partly immersed in water is given below. $F = \rho g V$. What do the symbols $\rho$ and $V$ stand for?

Density and pressure

An object of mass $100\,\text{g}$ drops through a vertical height of $10\,\text{m}$. What change occurs in the object's gravitational potential energy?

Gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy

A bungee jumper leaps off a platform and is slowed down by an elastic bungee cord, as illustrated. As he begins the jump, his original gravitational potential energy relative to the ground is transformed into kinetic energy and elastic potential energy in the cord. During which stage of the jump are all three forms of energy non-zero?

Energy conservation

A sailboat moves across a lake at constant velocity $v$, driven by the wind. The wind force acts in the same direction as the sailboat’s motion. What other information is needed to calculate the work done per unit time by the wind on the sailboat?

Energy conservation

Two measurements are taken. $L = 6.8 \pm 0.1\,\text{cm}$ $T = 2.42 \pm 0.08\,\text{s}$ The relationship between $L$ and $T$ and $X$ is given by the equation below. $X = \frac{4\pi^2 L}{T^2}$ Calculate the value and uncertainty of $X$.

Errors and uncertainties

One end of a spring is held in place. A tensile force $F$ is applied to the other end, causing the spring length $L$ to increase. The graph shows how $L$ varies with $F$. What is the elastic potential energy stored in the spring when $F$ is $6.0\,\text{N}$?

Energy conservation

A wire begins with an unstretched length of $2.00\,\text{m}$. It is subjected to a stress of $1.6 \times 10^5\,\text{Pa}$, after which its length becomes $2.10\,\text{m}$. Assume the wire follows Hooke’s law. Determine the Young modulus of the wire.

Physical quantities

Which SI base units are used to express stress?

SI units

The diagram illustrates a force-extension graph for a rubber band while it is stretched and then the stretching force is reduced to zero. What can be deduced from the graph?

Errors and uncertainties

Which row gives the correct information for sound waves?

Physical quantities

A source produces a progressive sound wave moving horizontally. The wave propagates away from the source to the right. The graph shows how the displacement of the particles from their equilibrium positions changes with distance from the source at one particular moment. Displacements to the right of the equilibrium positions are taken as positive. Position Y shows the displacement of a particle in the sound wave at a specific distance from the source at this instant. Which statement about how this particle is moving is correct?

Scalars and vectors

Two polarising filters are set side by side with their planes aligned parallel. The transmission axis of the first polarising filter makes an angle of $50^{\circ}$ with the vertical, while the transmission axis of the second polarising filter makes an angle of $20^{\circ}$ with the vertical. Hence, the angle separating the transmission axes of the two polarising filters is $30^{\circ}$. A beam of vertically polarised light with intensity $8.0\,\text{W m}^{-2}$ is directed normally at the first polarising filter. What intensity of light emerges from the second polarising filter?

Scalars and vectors

A dolphin moves at a speed of $16.0\,\text{m s}^{-1}$ straight towards a stationary underwater microphone. The dolphin produces sound with a frequency of $122\,\text{kHz}$. The speed of sound in water is $1480\,\text{m s}^{-1}$. What frequency of sound is detected by the microphone?

Non-uniform motion

A student performs a double-slit experiment with a laser that emits red light of wavelength $680\text{ nm}$. The light falls normally on a double slit. The diagram shows part of the bright-fringe pattern seen on a screen placed $2.4\text{ m}$ from the slits. The separation across five bright fringes is measured to be $34\text{ mm}$. Determine the slit separation.

SI units

The diagram illustrates a stationary wave on a stretched spring at one moment. Two particles on the spring, P and Q, are marked. Which statement correctly describes the vibrations of P and Q?

Non-uniform motion

Which SI base units combine to form the watt?

SI units

When green laser light is shone on a diffraction grating, an interference pattern is produced. The grating contains $400$ lines per mm. The wavelength of the laser light is $550\text{ nm}$. What is the greatest order diffraction maximum that the grating can produce?

SI units

A resistor has resistance $R$ and a potential difference $V$ is applied across it. The current flowing through the resistor is $I$. Which equation shows the power $P$ dissipated by the resistor?

Physical quantities

Which charge could a particle have?

Physical quantities

The graphs display possible current-voltage ($I$-$V$) characteristics for a filament lamp and for a semiconductor diode. Which row shows the $I$-$V$ graphs for the lamp and for the diode?

Physical quantities

The circuit diagram includes a battery and cells with negligible internal resistance. Several values for current, electromotive force (e.m.f.) and resistance are given. One resistor is marked P. Determine the resistance of resistor P.

SI units

A circuit diagram contains a battery linked to a resistor $R$. The battery also has an internal resistance, shown as resistor $r$. A second resistor, the same as $R$, is then placed in parallel with $R$. Which row gives the changes in the potential difference (p.d.) across $r$ and in the current reading on the ammeter when the second resistor is added?

Momentum and Newton's laws of motion

Wires X and Y are identical, and each has length $L$ and radius $r$; they are joined in parallel as illustrated. The combined resistance is $R_1$. Wire X is then substituted by a wire of the same material, still of length $L$ but with radius $2r$. The resistance of this revised arrangement is $R_2$. What is the value of the ratio $\frac{R_1}{R_2}$?

SI units

The diagram illustrates the currents in part of an electric circuit. The resistors are identical. Which equation is incorrect?

Physical quantities

The diagram illustrates a decay chain with three $\alpha$-particles and one $\beta^{-}$ particle: $^{237}_{93}\text{Np} \xrightarrow{\alpha} Q \xrightarrow{\beta^-} R \xrightarrow{\alpha} S \xrightarrow{\alpha} T$. What is nuclide T?

Physical quantities

The number of electrons in a neutral atom of the isotope of plutonium, $^{{239}}_{{94}}\text{Pu}$, is altered to form a charged atom (ion) W. W carries a total charge of $+1.6 \times 10^{-19}\text{ C}$. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are present in W?

SI units

The diagram illustrates two forces of $6.0\,\text{N}$ applied to an object. The angle between the directions of action of these forces is $60^\circ$. What is the magnitude of the resultant force?

Scalars and vectors

Which particle belongs to the lepton group?

Physical quantities

A goods train moves past a station at a steady speed of $10\,\text{m s}^{-1}$ at time $t = 0$. An express train is stationary at the station. Exactly when the goods train passes, the express train starts from the station with a constant acceleration of $0.5\,\text{m s}^{-2}$. The two trains travel in the same direction along straight, parallel tracks. At what time $t$ does the express train catch up with the goods train?

Equations of motion

A ball is kept above the ground and then let go. It drops to the ground and rebounds a number of times. The graph illustrates how the ball’s velocity $v$ changes with time $t$. Four points on the graph are marked P, Q, R and S. Which statement is not true?

Non-uniform motion

A body is launched horizontally. It drops through a vertical distance $y$ and covers a horizontal distance $x$ before reaching the ground. Another body is launched horizontally with the same initial velocity and falls a vertical distance $4y$ before it lands on the ground. Assuming air resistance is negligible, what horizontal distance does the second body cover?

Equations of motion

A sphere is dropped from rest and moves through the air. The graph illustrates how the sphere’s velocity changes with time. Which diagram represents the forces acting on the sphere when its velocity is the one shown at point P on the graph?

Momentum and Newton's laws of motion

In what situation is total linear momentum always conserved?

Linear momentum and its conservation