Oct/Nov 2022

This question concerns Muhammad Ayub Khan’s rule, 1958-69. Examine the sources (insert) closely and then answer the questions that follow.

Non-renewables

Describe the military operations carried out by Nana Sahib in 1857.

Natural topography

Describe the effects of Lord Curzon on India.

Water

Describe the provisions of the Nehru Report.

Mineral resources

Describe briefly the Canal Water Dispute.

Benazir Bhutto, Nawaz Sharif and Musharraf 1988–99

Fig. 1.1 presents a map of annual rainfall across southern and western Pakistan. It includes the latitude lines 24^{\circ}N, 28^{\circ}N, 32^{\circ}N and 36^{\circ}N, the longitude lines 64^{\circ}E, 68^{\circ}E and 72^{\circ}E, the neighbouring countries Afghanistan, Iran and India, the Arabian Sea, and rivers labelled U, V and W. The key indicates rainfall in mm: 0-125, 126-250, 251-500, 501-750 and over 750, together with symbols for international boundary and river.

Climate

Fig. 2.1 shows a photograph of one kind of livestock reared in Pakistan. Fig. 2.2 presents a pie chart of the percentage share of Pakistan’s total irrigated area by irrigation method. The key indicates canals (shaded), tubewells (hatched), and wells and other (dotted). The irrigation method table gives tubewells: 20%, wells and other: 3%.

Agricultural systems

Fig. 3.1 presents a map of part of the urban area of Karachi, with location X indicated. Fig. 3.2 shows a photograph of a tourist area near Karachi. Two opinions are given: View A says “Pakistan could develop more large-scale manufacturing industries to increase GDP.” View B says “Pakistan could develop tourism further to increase GDP.”

Secondary and tertiary industries

Fig. 4.1 shows a map of southern and western Pakistan with province boundaries and international borders, plus neighbouring countries, the Arabian Sea, and the locations marked Y and Z. Fig. 4.2 presents a bar chart of the value of Pakistan’s imports from 2015 to 2020 in US$ billions.

Major exports and imports

Fig. 5.1 shows the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) from stages 1 to 5, with lines representing birth rate, death rate, total population and projection. Two opinions are presented: View A states that reducing infant mortality in Pakistan is the most effective way to slow future population growth. View B states that increasing family planning in Pakistan is the most effective way to slow future population growth.

Structure and growth