The colourless liquid includes ammonia, $\text{NH}_3$. Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for ammonia, showing only the outer-shell electrons.
Ethanoic acid is present in the tar. On warming with sulfuric acid, the ethanoic acid reacts with propanol to produce an ester. Name this ester and draw its structure, showing every atom and every bond.
The tar also includes a compound with the composition shown below. Deduce the empirical formula of this compound.
When coal burns, it releases an acidic gas that decolourises acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII). This gas is a cause of acid rain. Identify this gas and describe how acid rain forms.
Give one harmful effect of acid rain on buildings.
Acid rain may negatively affect respiration. Write an equation that shows the process of respiration.