(a)[2]
Draw the structures for two different alkanes that have molecular formula C$_4$H$_{10}$. In each structure, show every atom and every bond.
(b)[1]
Using the general alkane formula, state the molecular formula of an alkane containing only 12 carbon atoms in its molecule.
(c)[3]
Describe how petroleum (crude oil) is separated by fractional distillation.
(d(i))[1]
State the condition required for the substitution reaction between butane and chlorine.
(d(ii))[3]
Calculate the empirical formula of the product with a mass composition of 37.8% carbon, 6.30% hydrogen and 55.9% chlorine, then deduce the molecular formula.