(a)[2]
Explain why the surface temperature of the tarmac rises.
(b)[1]
State the method by which thermal energy is transferred from the tarmac to the air immediately above the road.
(c)[1]
State the principal method of thermal energy transfer from the air immediately above the road to the rest of the air.
(d)[2]
Explain why the surface temperature of the tarmac is higher than the temperature of the surrounding air.