Explain the meaning of a closed system.
State the quantity represented by the symbol ΔH.
State how the sign of ΔH shows that the forward reaction is exothermic.
Deduce the value of ΔH for the reverse reaction. Make sure your answer includes a sign.
Complete Table 4.1 to show the effect, if any, on the equilibrium concentration of COCl₂(g) when the conditions below are changed. Use only the words increases, decreases or no change.
Use the bond energies in Table 4.2 together with the value of ΔH for the reaction to Calculate the bond energy, in kJ/mol, of the C=O bond. Calculate the energy required to break the bonds in the reactants. Calculate the energy released when the bonds in carbonyl chloride are formed. Calculate the bond energy of the C=O bond.
Finish the dot-and-cross diagram in Fig. 4.2 for a molecule of carbonyl chloride. Show only the outer shell electrons.