When excess dilute citric acid, $\mathrm{C_6H_8O_7}$, is mixed with aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate, aqueous sodium citrate, $\mathrm{Na_3C_6H_5O_7}$, carbon dioxide and water are formed. $\mathrm{C_6H_8O_7(aq) + 3NaHCO_3(aq) \rightarrow Na_3C_6H_5O_7(aq) + 3CO_2(g) + 3H_2O(l)}$.
(a)[1]
Give the meaning of symbol (l) in the equation.
(b)[1]
Use Fig. 8.1 to determine the total volume of CO2 formed at 24 s.
(c(i))[1]
State the effect, if any, on how long the reaction takes to finish.
(c(ii))[1]
State the effect, if any, on the total volume of CO2 produced once the reaction is complete.
(d)[2]
Deduce the type of energy change displayed in the diagram in Fig. 8.2. Explain your answer.
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