Oct/Nov 2024

The table lists the melting points and boiling points of four elements. Which element is gaseous at room temperature and pressure?

Solids, liquids and gases

The diagram illustrates the apparatus used to electroplate a nickel shape with silver. Which row correctly identifies the negative electrode, the positive electrode and the electrolyte?

Electrolysis

If concentrated aqueous sodium chloride and dilute sulfuric acid are electrolysed separately with inert electrodes, which statements are correct?

Electrolysis

Which reaction pathway diagram shows an endothermic reaction?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

The diagram depicts a match. When the match is struck, a chemical reaction occurs. Which row identifies the chemical reaction?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Hydrogen peroxide breaks down to produce water and oxygen. The equation is shown. $\text{2H}_2\text{O}_2(\text{l}) \rightarrow \text{2H}_2\text{O}(\text{l}) + \text{O}_2(\text{g})$ Manganese(IV) oxide acts as a catalyst for this reaction. Which statements about manganese(IV) oxide are correct?

Rate of reaction

Four students gather the gas formed when calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. Each student measures how long it takes to collect a certain volume of gas. Which results indicate the greatest average rate of reaction?

Rate of reaction

The reaction equation for hydrogen reacting with oxygen is given below. $\text{2H}_2(\text{g}) + \text{O}_2(\text{g}) \rightarrow \text{2H}_2\text{O}(\text{g})$ Which statement explains why this counts as a redox reaction?

Redox

Which of the following statements about dilute ethanoic acid are correct? 1 Its pH is $8$. 2 It is classified as an organic compound. 3 It changes universal indicator to orange-yellow. 4 It reacts with magnesium and produces carbon dioxide.

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Universal indicator paper becomes purple when it is placed in an aqueous solution of Z. Which row shows the colours of methyl orange and thymolphthalein when each is added separately to an aqueous solution of Z?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Which row gives the solubility of lead(II) chloride and lead(II) sulfate in water?

Ions and ionic bonds

Four statements about the arrangement of particles or their movement are given. Which statements describe the particles in a pure solid?

Solids, liquids and gases

Four separate sets of oxides are given below. 1 $\text{MgO}$ $\text{FeO}$ $\text{CuO}$ 2 $\text{CaO}$ $\text{SO}_2$ $\text{TiO}_2$ 3 $\text{PbO}$ $\text{CaO}$ $\text{Cl}_2\text{O}$ 4 $\text{NO}_2$ $\text{Br}_2\text{O}$ $\text{P}_2\text{O}_5$ Which statement about these oxide groups is correct?

Oxides

A set of four stages for preparing a soluble salt from a dilute acid and a solid metal oxide is given below. 1 Heat the dilute acid. 2 Evaporate the solution until it is reduced to half its volume, then leave it to cool. 3 Add an excess of metal oxide. 4 Filter off any solid that has not reacted. Which sequence is correct for these stages?

Preparation of salts

Which pair of elements undergoes the most violent reaction when combined?

Reactivity series

Rubidium is an element in Group I of the Periodic Table. Which row gives one physical property and one chemical property of rubidium?

Group I properties

Which row gives the state and colour of bromine at room temperature and pressure?

Group VII properties

A section of the Periodic Table is shown. Identify which element is a metal?

Arrangement of elements

Which compound is formed from elements that all belong to the same period?

Arrangement of elements

Silver metal is examined separately using cold water, steam and dilute hydrochloric acid. Which row gives the tests that reveal the chemical reactivity of silver?

Reactivity series

Which statement concerning the extraction of iron from hematite is correct?

Extraction of metals

What does the term alloy mean?

Alloys and their properties

An atom of an element has 12 electrons, 12 protons and 13 neutrons. How many nucleons are there in this atom?

Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

The diagram illustrates an experiment used to investigate the effect of paint on the rusting of iron. What changes occur to the water level in tubes S and T?

Corrosion of metals

Which statement gives the description of clean, dry air?

Elements, compounds and mixtures

Which word equation represents photosynthesis?

Physical and chemical changes

A few harmful effects linked to air pollutants are shown here: acid rain; photochemical smog; respiratory problems. Which air pollutant is responsible for all three of these harmful effects?

Air quality and climate

Petroleum is a significant raw material that is broken down into useful products. Which terms name petroleum and the process used to separate it?

Separation and purification

Which of the following statements about homologous series are correct?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

The structural formulae for two organic compounds, P and Q, are given below. P: $\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{OH}$ Q: $\text{CH}_3\text{CH}=\text{CHCH}_3$ What class of organic compounds do P and Q belong to?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

Which fuel is made by fermentation?

Fuels

Which statement concerning the disposal of waste plastics is correct?

Polymers

Dyes are substances that have colour. The chromatogram for substance X and four dyes, 1, 2, 3 and 4, is displayed. Substance X has only two of the dyes 1, 2, 3 and 4 in it. Which pair of dyes is found in substance X?

Chromatography

A diagram showing a mixture of four particles is displayed. Which statement describes the particle mixture?

Elements, compounds and mixtures

The outcomes from two tests carried out on substance G are shown below. • A flame test gives a yellow-coloured flame. • Substance G is added to aqueous sodium hydroxide and powdered aluminium, then warmed carefully. A gas is released that turns damp red litmus paper blue. What is substance G?

Identification of ions and gases

Chlorine reacts with sodium to make sodium chloride. What change occurs to the sodium atoms in this reaction?

Ions and ionic bonds

Nitrogen monoxide, NO, is a simple molecular compound. Which row indicates the properties of nitrogen monoxide?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

Metal X belongs to Group II of the Periodic Table. X is reacted in separate experiments with dilute sulfuric acid and with oxygen. Which row shows the products formed in each reaction?

Properties of metals

What is the relative molecular mass, $M_r$, for sulfuric acid, $\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4$?

Relative masses of atoms and molecules

The equation for making ammonia, $\text{NH}_3$, is given as: $\text{N}_2(\text{g}) + 3\text{H}_2(\text{g}) \rightarrow 2\text{NH}_3(\text{g})$. What mass of nitrogen is needed to produce 51 tonnes of ammonia?

The mole and the Avogadro constant

The table presents some facts about the three states of matter. Which row is correct?

Solids, liquids and gases

What is the relative formula mass for magnesium bromide?

Relative masses of atoms and molecules

The following three substances are given: 1 solid copper, 2 aqueous sodium bromide, 3 solid lead(II) bromide. Which of these substances conduct electricity?

Ions and ionic bonds

Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells may be used to run cars. Which processes generate the fuel used in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell?

Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells

Electrolysis of molten sodium sulfide, $\text{Na}_2\text{S}$, is done with inert electrodes. Which row shows the product formed at each electrode?

Electrolysis

The water in beakers X and Y is recorded at a temperature of $21.5\ ^\circ\text{C}$. In beaker X, $5\,\text{g}$ of sodium chloride is added to the water and dissolves. The temperature then falls to $18.0\ ^\circ\text{C}$. In beaker Y, $5\,\text{g}$ of calcium oxide is added to the water and dissolves. The temperature then rises to $29.4\ ^\circ\text{C}$. What kinds of process are taking place in beakers X and Y?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Which process includes a chemical change?

Physical and chemical changes

Which two pieces of apparatus are most useful for measuring the rate of a reaction that releases a gas?

Rate of reaction

Reaction 1 and reaction 2 each generate a gas. In every case, the total volume of gas produced is recorded at 1 minute intervals for $10$ minutes. The results are displayed on a graph. Which row states how the rate of reaction changes, if at all, throughout each reaction?

Rate of reaction

When several drops of water are placed onto a solid, E, its colour changes from blue to pink. What is E?

Elements, compounds and mixtures

The reaction between magnesium and copper(II) oxide is given below. $\text{Mg} + \text{CuO} \rightarrow \text{MgO} + \text{Cu}$ Which word best describes this reaction?

Redox

Which arrow shows evaporation?

Solids, liquids and gases

Compound M contains calcium. Two reactions for M are shown below. - When M reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, a salt and water only are produced. - When M reacts with aqueous ammonium chloride, a gas is formed that changes damp red litmus paper to blue. What is M?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

The diagram illustrates one period of the Periodic Table. $\text{Li} \; \text{Be} \; \text{B} \; \text{C} \; \text{N} \; \text{O} \; \text{F} \; \text{Ne}$ Which two elements make acidic oxides?

Oxides

A student uses universal indicator to test four solutions. Which colour indicates the solution with the greatest concentration of $\text{OH}^-$ ions?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

These actions are carried out when preparing solid magnesium sulfate. 1. filtration 2. measuring $20\,\text{cm}^3$ of dilute sulfuric acid with a measuring cylinder 3. evaporation 4. adding an excess of solid magnesium carbonate to dilute sulfuric acid What is the correct order for these actions?

Preparation of salts

Which statement concerning the Periodic Table is correct?

Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

Zinc is produced when zinc oxide is heated together with carbon. $\text{zinc oxide} + \text{carbon} \rightarrow \text{zinc} + \text{carbon monoxide}$ In this reaction, which substance undergoes oxidation?

Redox

Which word equation shows the rusting of iron?

Corrosion of metals

Which option gives the electronic configurations of three different elements that are in the same group of the Periodic Table?

Arrangement of elements

Which metal produces compounds that can be used to colour glass?

Transition elements

Two properties of element R are given. • It is a dark solid at room temperature. • It exists as a diatomic molecule. On the Periodic Table, where is R located?

Group VII properties

In what states of matter does diffusion happen readily?

Diffusion

Metals W, X, Y and Z are each examined with cold water, steam, or both. The findings are given. What is the sequence of reactivity of the metals from the least reactive to the most reactive?

Reactivity series

Which of the following statements about the displacement reactions of the halogens is correct?

Group VII properties

Which substances naturally present in water are helpful to aquatic animals?

Water

Which substances are produced when glucose is fermented?

Alcohols

Which structure shows a molecule of ethanol?

Alcohols

Which statement is used to describe a homologous series?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

What characteristics does aqueous ethanoic acid have?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

A fractionating column is used to separate four different organic compounds. The table gives the boiling points of the compounds. The diagram indicates the point in the fractionating column at which they are separated. Which row identifies the compound in each fraction?

Separation and purification

What apparatus would be used to measure out exactly $21.50\,\text{cm}^3$ of dilute sulfuric acid?

Acid–base titrations

Which row presents one advantage and one disadvantage of the apparatus named for use in a titration?

Acid–base titrations

Which of the following statements about boxes P, Q and R is correct?

Solids, liquids and gases

Sample M is made up of calcium carbonate and sodium nitrate. The outcome of adding water to M, then stirring and filtering, is shown. No chemical reaction takes place. Which terms are used to describe M, calcium carbonate and aqueous sodium nitrate?

Elements, compounds and mixtures

What information about an element does its atomic number provide?

Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

The symbols stand for four atoms. The letters shown are not the standard atomic symbols. Which of the atoms are isotopes of the same element?

Isotopes

Covalent bonds are made when electrons are …1…. . Most covalent compounds show …2…. electrical conductivity. Which words complete gaps 1 and 2 correctly?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

Which row shows the structure and one use of diamond?

Giant covalent structures

Which symbol equation shows the reaction between aqueous sodium hydroxide and dilute sulfuric acid?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Under which conditions do gas particles move fastest and spread furthest apart?

Solids, liquids and gases

The isotope of which element is used as the reference for defining the relative atomic mass of other elements?

Isotopes

What does electrolysis mean?

Electrolysis

Which statement concerning electroplating a copper spoon with silver is correct?

Electrolysis

Which row identifies the reaction pathway diagram and the energy change for an exothermic reaction?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

The table gives the initial and final temperatures for four separate reactions. Which of these reactions are endothermic?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Which process involves a chemical change?

Physical and chemical changes

A student reacts strips of zinc with dilute sulfuric acid and records the time needed to make $100\,\text{cm}^3$ of hydrogen. The experiment is done again under different conditions. The results are shown in the table. Which change in conditions produces the results shown in experiment 2?

Rate of reaction

When blue copper(II) sulfate is heated, a white solid and water are produced. If water is added to the white solid, it turns blue and releases heat. Which terms are used to describe the blue copper(II) sulfate and the two reactions?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Which of the following statements about a redox reaction are correct?

Redox

Which row shows a basic oxide and states what an alkali is?

Oxides

Which statement gives the best description of a liquid at room temperature?

Solids, liquids and gases

Which indicators become blue when they are added to aqueous ammonia?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Ammonium chloride reacts with solution X to form alkaline gas Y. The equation is given. ammonium chloride $+$ solution X $\rightarrow$ alkaline gas Y. Which row identifies X and Y?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

The solubilities of some salts are given. When any two aqueous solutions are combined, which pair forms an insoluble salt?

Preparation of salts

The table gives some properties of the halogens. Which statement is used to describe astatine?

Group VII properties

J, L and M are elements in the Periodic Table. J has the greatest density. L reacts most readily with water. M has the largest atomic number. Which row correctly identifies J, L and M?

Arrangement of elements

Which statement concerning the elements in Group I of the Periodic Table is correct?

Group I properties

Which diagram illustrates a mixture of noble gases?

Noble gases

Which of the following statements about the alloy brass are correct?

Alloys and their properties

Aircraft bodies are often manufactured from aluminium. Which two properties of aluminium make it appropriate for this application?

Properties of metals

Metals P, Q, R and S are each placed separately into water and into dilute hydrochloric acid. The table records the outcomes. Which conclusion can be drawn from these observations?

Reactivity series

$X$ is a compound with a melting point of $71\,^{\circ}\text{C}$ and a boiling point of $375\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. Which statement about $X$ is correct?

Solids, liquids and gases

Iron is obtained from its ore in the blast furnace. Which statement correctly describes one of the reactions taking place in the blast furnace?

Extraction of metals

Which pollutants in river water cause deoxygenation?

Water

Three effects of air pollutants are listed. Which of these effects are caused by oxides of nitrogen?

Air quality and climate

Fractional distillation is the method used to split petroleum into its fractions. Which of the following statements about the fractional distillation of petroleum is correct?

Separation and purification

Fertilisers are blends of several compounds that are used to promote crop growth. Which two substances include the three essential elements needed for plant growth?

Fertilisers

Which line shows the relative molecular mass, $M_r$, of the first compound in the specified homologous series?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

A hydrocarbon turns bromine water colourless. Which statement concerning the hydrocarbon is correct?

Alkenes

Which statement explains how ethanol is produced from ethene?

Alcohols

When ethanoic acid reacts with aqueous sodium carbonate, which gas is evolved in this reaction?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

A mixture made up of an aqueous salt, sand and hot water is stirred. It is then poured into the apparatus shown. What is X?

Separation and purification

What does the nucleon number of an atom mean?

Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

A scientist carries out a titration to determine the concentration of acid in a lemon juice sample. First, a known volume of aqueous lemon juice and a few drops of indicator are placed in a flask. The aqueous lemon juice is then titrated with $0.1\,\text{mol dm}^{-3}$ aqueous sodium hydroxide. Which piece of apparatus is used to deliver the aqueous sodium hydroxide into the flask?

Acid–base titrations

An atom contains three electron shells. Its outer shell holds three electrons. How many protons and how many neutrons does this atom have?

Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

Which row shows how many covalent bonds are present in one molecule of ammonia and in one molecule of hydrogen chloride?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

Which statements about the structure and bonding in diamond are right?

Giant covalent structures

Magnesium combines with oxygen to produce magnesium oxide. The reaction is represented by: $\text{2Mg} + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow \text{2MgO}$. What mass of magnesium oxide is produced when $48\,\text{g}$ of magnesium is burnt?

The mole and the Avogadro constant

Propane, $\text{C}_3\text{H}_8$, is combusted in a limited supply of oxygen. Which equation represents this reaction?

Fuels