Oct/Nov 2023

The three rectangles illustrate the particle arrangements in the three states of matter. X, Y and Z denote the processes that are needed to change one state into another. What are the processes X, Y and Z?

Solids, liquids and gases

Which statement concerning a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell in a car is correct?

Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells

A reaction pathway diagram is shown for a reaction. Which statements are true? 1. This reaction is exothermic. 2. This reaction is endothermic. 3. The temperature of the surroundings rises. 4. The temperature of the surroundings falls.

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Which process results in a chemical change?

Physical and chemical changes

An experiment is done to determine the reaction rate between hydrochloric acid and zinc. $\text{Zn(s)} + 2\text{HCl(aq)} \rightarrow \text{ZnCl}_2\text{(aq)} + \text{H}_2\text{(g)}$ The experiment results are shown. What label is used for the y-axis?

Rate of reaction

Solid S turns from white to blue when water is added. What is the identity of S?

Identification of ions and gases

Which equation illustrates the reduction of copper?

Redox

Which solids react with dilute sulfuric acid to produce aqueous magnesium sulfate?

Preparation of salts

Which of the following statements about an aqueous acid are correct?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Copper(II) sulfate can be prepared by adding excess solid copper(II) carbonate to dilute sulfuric acid. Which stages are used in preparing solid copper(II) sulfate?

Preparation of salts

Element X produces ions with the formula $X^{2-}$. Which row matches element X?

Ions and ionic bonds

Which substance would be classed as a pure compound?

Elements, compounds and mixtures

Which compound is likely to show colour?

Transition elements

Chlorine, bromine and iodine belong to the same group in the Periodic Table. Which of the following statements about these three elements are correct?

Group VII properties

The electronic configurations for four elements, P, Q, R and S, are shown. Which of these elements are unreactive monatomic gases?

Noble gases

The table presents some physical properties of four different substances. Which row gives the properties of a non-metal element?

Elements, compounds and mixtures

The equation represents the reaction of a halogen with the aqueous ions of a different halogen. $X_2 + 2Y^- \rightarrow 2X^- + Y_2$ What is $X_2$ and what is the colour of $Y^-$?

Group VII properties

Zinc oxide reacts with carbon to form zinc. Which equation shows this reaction?

Extraction of metals

Iron nails are kept in an airtight container. After a few days, the nails start to rust. How can rusting of the nails be prevented?

Corrosion of metals

The blast furnace used in iron extraction contains four substances, which are shown below. 1 calcium carbonate 2 carbon dioxide 3 carbon monoxide 4 iron(III) oxide Which of these substances act as both a reactant and a product in the reactions taking place inside the blast furnace?

Extraction of metals

What test is used to demonstrate that a sample of water is pure?

Water

Which combination of salts makes an NPK fertiliser?

Fertilisers

The Group I element potassium makes an ionic bond with the Group VII element fluorine. Which two ions are formed?

Ions and ionic bonds

Which principal products are produced from the fractional distillation of liquid air?

Separation and purification

In which reaction does light make the rate of reaction faster?

Rate of reaction

The structural formulae of three organic molecules are displayed. Which statement about the three molecules is correct?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

Petroleum is split into fractions by fractional distillation. Which row gives a use for the fraction named?

Fuels

Which of the following statements about alkanes is correct?

Alkanes

Approximately what volume of nitrogen is present in $200\,\text{cm}^3$ of air?

Solids, liquids and gases

The equipment set up to study the rate at which hydrogen gas is released when a piece of magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid is shown. Which extra piece of apparatus is required to determine the rate of reaction?

Rate of reaction

Which diagram presents the displayed formula for ethanol?

Alcohols

Ethane can be used as a fuel. Which equation represents the complete combustion of ethane?

Fuels

The equation for the reaction between aqueous calcium nitrate and aqueous sodium hydroxide is given below. $\text{Ca(NO}_3\text{)}_2\text{(aq)} + 2\text{NaOH(aq)} \rightarrow \text{Ca(OH)}_2\text{(s)} + 2\text{NaNO}_3\text{(aq)}$ Which process is used to separate calcium hydroxide from the mixture?

Separation and purification

An isotope of lithium is written as $^7_3\text{Li}$. What is the electron arrangement in one atom of this lithium isotope?

Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

The observations from two tests carried out on aqueous compound X are shown below. Test: warm with aluminium foil and aqueous sodium hydroxide → ammonia is produced Test: aqueous sodium hydroxide → brown precipitate What is X?

Identification of ions and gases

Fluorine, $\text{F}_2$, belongs to the same group in the Periodic Table as chlorine, $\text{Cl}_2$. Which diagram shows how the outer-shell electrons are arranged in a fluorine molecule?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

Which application of graphite depends on the carbon-atom layers being able to move over one another?

Giant covalent structures

Identify which of the following equations are balanced. 1. $\text{Fe}_2\text{O}_3 + 3\text{CO} \rightarrow 2\text{Fe} + 3\text{CO}_2$ 2. $\text{ZnCO}_3 + 2\text{HCl} \rightarrow \text{ZnCl}_2 + \text{CO}_2 + 2\text{H}_2\text{O}$ 3. $\text{Mg(NO}_3)_2 + \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{Mg(OH)}_2 + 2\text{NaNO}_3$ 4. $\text{CaCO}_3 + \text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 \rightarrow \text{CaSO}_4 + \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{CO}_2$

Formulae

The combustion equation for methane is given here. $\text{CH}_4 + 2\text{O}_2 \rightarrow \text{CO}_2 + 2\text{H}_2\text{O}$ What mass of methane is needed to make $36\,\text{g}$ of water?

The mole and the Avogadro constant

What substance is formed at each electrode during the electrolysis of aqueous solutions with inert electrodes?

Electrolysis

The melting points and boiling points of four elements are listed. For which elements do the particles vibrate about fixed positions at $0\,^{\circ}\text{C}$?

Solids, liquids and gases

Limestone is used to cut sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power stations. The reaction is given by: $\text{CaCO}_3 + \text{SO}_2 \rightarrow \text{CaSO}_3 + \text{CO}_2$. What is the minimum mass of $\text{CaCO}_3$ needed to remove $1$ tonne of $\text{SO}_2$?

The mole and the Avogadro constant

Which of the following statements about electrolysis is correct?

Electrolysis

Which of these statements about hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells are correct?

Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells

The starting and ending temperatures for four separate reactions are measured. Which reaction releases the least heat?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Solid calcium carbonate is reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid. Which changes in the reaction conditions would increase the rate of reaction?

Rate of reaction

At room temperature, zinc reacts only slowly with dilute sulfuric acid. On the zinc surface, bubbles of a gas, L, are produced. If a small quantity of copper is added, the reaction proceeds more quickly. Which row correctly identifies L and states why the reaction is faster?

Reactivity series

Which reaction changes colour from white to blue?

Physical and chemical changes

Within a blast furnace, iron(III) oxide is changed into iron, while carbon monoxide is changed into carbon dioxide. $\text{Fe}_2\text{O}_3 + 3\text{CO} \rightarrow 2\text{Fe} + 3\text{CO}_2$. What happens to each of these reactants?

Redox

What products are produced when magnesium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid?

Preparation of salts

Which element produces an oxide that reacts with an aqueous solution of a base?

Oxides

Which of the following statements about clean, dry air are true?

Elements, compounds and mixtures

Which salt is not soluble?

Preparation of salts

The following information is given for element R. Melting point is $98\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. Boiling point is $883\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. When reacted with cold water, $\text{H}_2$ gas is released. When heated with oxygen, it burns and forms a white solid. In which section of the Periodic Table is R located?

Group I properties

Lithium, sodium and potassium are Group I elements. A set of statements about these elements is given. Which of the statements are correct?

Group I properties

An outline sketch of the Periodic Table is shown. What name is used for the elements in column Y?

Arrangement of elements

Which row gives the characteristics of a metal that may be used to make aircraft?

Properties of metals

Which metallic element is combined with iron when stainless steel is manufactured?

Alloys and their properties

Which statement about the uses of metals is correct?

Uses of metals

The arrangement below shows where some metals and hydrogen are placed in the reactivity series. Metal X is included as well. highest reactivity K Mg Zn H X lowest reactivity Cu Which row indicates the properties of metal X?

Reactivity series

Which gas present in air is required for iron to rust?

Corrosion of metals

What is the reason for adding limestone to the blast furnace?

Extraction of metals

A diagram of an atom is displayed. What is the nucleon number for this atom?

Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

Which process takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere?

Air quality and climate

The flow chart illustrates the stages used to treat river water so that drinking water is produced. river water → sedimentation tank → stage J → stage K → drinking water What happens at stages J and K?

Water

Which pair of compounds can be combined to make an NPK fertiliser?

Fertilisers

Which are the principal substances obtained from the fractional distillation of liquid air?

Separation and purification

Which diagram represents the displayed formula for the named organic compound?

Naming organic compounds

Poly(ethene) is produced from petroleum by means of three distinct processes. In what sequence are these processes carried out?

Polymers

Gas oil and naphtha are two fractions obtained from petroleum. What uses do gas oil and naphtha have?

Fuels

Ethene can undergo polymerisation. Which diagram shows the structure of the product that is made?

Polymers

An acid-base titration is outlined. • $25.0\text{ cm}^3$ of dilute aqueous alkali is placed in a conical flask. • Indicator is then added to the flask. • Dilute acid is added to the aqueous alkali until the indicator changes colour. • The volume of acid used is then measured. Which piece of apparatus is used correctly?

Acid–base titrations

The apparatus in the diagram is used for separating a mixture. What is the mixture?

Separation and purification

Which statement gives the description of isotopes of the same element?

Isotopes

The outcomes from tests carried out on three gases, X, Y and Z, are given below. Tests: - Aqueous potassium manganate(VII): X changes from purple to colourless; Y remains unchanged; Z remains unchanged. - Damp red litmus paper: X remains unchanged; Y changes to blue; Z remains unchanged. - Lighted splint: X remains unchanged; Y remains unchanged; Z makes a popping sound. What are X, Y and Z?

Identification of ions and gases

Potassium combines with iodine to produce potassium iodide. Which statement about potassium iodide is correct?

Ions and ionic bonds

Which row shows the properties of a simple molecular substance?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

Various allotropes of an element G are used as lubricants and in cutting tools. What is the structure of G?

Giant covalent structures

The diagram shows the structure of a molecule of ethyl ethanoate. State the molecular formula of ethyl ethanoate.

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

A compound that includes element X has the formula $\text{Na}_2\text{X}_2\text{O}_3$. Its relative formula mass is $158$. What is the relative atomic mass for X?

Relative masses of atoms and molecules

Which statement about solids, liquids or gases is true?

Solids, liquids and gases

Dilute sulfuric acid is electrolysed with platinum electrodes. The gas given off at each electrode is collected separately. The gases are then combined and ignited using a lighted splint. What product is formed in this reaction?

Electrolysis

An electric current is sent through molten sodium chloride with inert electrodes. What is seen at the electrodes?

Electrolysis

Fuel cells are used as energy sources in cars. Which row gives a fuel used in a fuel cell and the products produced?

Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells

If water is mixed with anhydrous iron(III) chloride, $\text{FeCl}_3$, hydrated iron(III) chloride, $\text{FeCl}_3 \cdot 6\text{H}_2\text{O}$, is produced and energy is released. $\text{FeCl}_3 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} \rightleftharpoons \text{FeCl}_3 \cdot 6\text{H}_2\text{O}$ Which reaction pathway diagram shows the formation of anhydrous iron(III) chloride in the reverse reaction?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Which process counts as a chemical change?

Physical and chemical changes

Anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is blue, and it becomes pink when water is introduced. How can this change be reversed?

Reversible reactions and equilibrium

Ethanol may be converted into ethanoic acid by passing it over hot copper(II) oxide. $\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{OH} + 2\text{CuO} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{COOH} + \text{H}_2\text{O} + 2\text{Cu}$ What kind of reaction is this?

Redox

When silicon(IV) oxide is heated strongly, it reacts with carbon. $\text{SiO}_2 + 2\text{C} \rightarrow \text{Si} + 2\text{CO}$ Which term best describes the change to silicon(IV) oxide?

Redox

Four solutions, P, Q, R and S, are described below. Solution P reacts with ammonium chloride to produce ammonia. Solution Q reacts with sodium carbonate to produce carbon dioxide. Solution R contains a large concentration of $\text{OH}^-$ ions. Solution S turns litmus red. Which of these solutions are alkaline?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Which oxides are classified as basic?

Oxides

Which substance is a mixture of substances?

Elements, compounds and mixtures

Which row shows the changes across a period of the Periodic Table, from left to right?

Arrangement of elements

Which row shows the properties of an element that belongs to the same group in the Periodic Table as lithium?

Group I properties

Which row shows how the properties of Group I elements vary as the group is moved down?

Group I properties

Group VII contains chlorine, bromine and iodine. Which of the following statements are correct?

Group VII properties

Cobalt belongs to the transition elements. State one property of cobalt.

Transition elements

Which of the following statements about brass are correct?

Alloys and their properties

Aluminium is used to produce containers for keeping food. Which property makes it appropriate for this purpose?

Properties of metals

Which pair of diagrams shows both a pure metal and an alloy?

Alloys and their properties

A metal M lies between sodium and magnesium in the reactivity series. Which reactions take place with M and its oxide?

Reactivity series

The diagrams illustrate experiments used to investigate the rusting of iron nails. In which test-tubes will the nails rust?

Corrosion of metals

A diagram shows the atomic structure of element X. What is element X?

Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

Some ways in which water is used are shown below. 1 for drinking 2 in chemical reactions 3 in swimming pools 4 in washing Which of these uses require the water to be chlorinated?

Water

Two tests are carried out on an NPK fertiliser. test 1 flame test test 2 warm with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aluminium foil What observations are made?

Identification of ions and gases

The exhaust gases from a car engine contain oxides of nitrogen. In what way are these oxides formed?

Air quality and climate

Which statements show why plastics ought to be recycled? 1 They do not break down when placed in land fill. 2 They contaminate rivers and oceans, damaging wildlife. 3 They may release toxic gases if burned.

Air quality and climate

Plant waste is sometimes put into a bin, where it breaks down. The compost produced is then used to add nutrients to soils. Which gas is likely to be found in a greater percentage inside the bin than in the air outside it?

Air quality and climate

Ethene undergoes reaction with steam and also with bromine in two different reactions. What products are formed in these two reactions?

Alkenes

The four reaction types are given here. 1 substitution 2 combustion 3 polymerisation 4 addition Which of these reactions can ethane undergo?

Alkanes

The diagram illustrates how poly(ethene) can be produced from petroleum. petroleum $\rightarrow$ fuel oil $\rightarrow$ ethene $\rightarrow$ poly(ethene) Identify stages 1, 2 and 3.

Polymers

Magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, forming hydrogen gas. Which pieces of apparatus are required to measure the rate of this reaction?

Rate of reaction

The chromatograms for four different dyes are shown. How many distinct colours are found in the four dyes?

Chromatography

Sodium reacts with chlorine to make sodium chloride. Which statements explain what happens to the sodium atoms in this reaction?

Ions and ionic bonds

The findings from several tests on an aqueous solution of substance X are shown below. 1. A cream precipitate forms when aqueous silver nitrate is added. 2. When aqueous sodium hydroxide is added, a green precipitate is formed that dissolves in excess alkali. 3. When aqueous ammonia is added, a green precipitate is formed that remains insoluble in excess ammonia. Which substance is X?

Identification of ions and gases

Which statement concerning ammonia is correct?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Which row identifies the structure of graphite and one use for it?

Giant covalent structures

This equation shows solid magnesium oxide reacting with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce magnesium chloride and water: $\text{MgO} + \text{2HCl} \rightarrow \text{MgCl}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O}$. Which row gives the state symbols for hydrochloric acid, magnesium chloride and water?

Solids, liquids and gases

What equation represents the reaction of calcium with chlorine?

Ions and ionic bonds

Calcium nitrate is represented by the formula $\text{Ca(NO}_3)_2$. What is the relative formula mass, $M_r$, for calcium nitrate?

Relative masses of atoms and molecules