May/June 2022

Diagrams of the three states of matter for carbon dioxide are shown. Which pair of diagrams represents the states of matter before and after carbon dioxide sublimes?

Solids, liquids and gases

The diagram illustrates the electrolysis of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated aqueous sodium chloride with carbon electrodes. At which electrodes is hydrogen formed?

Electrolysis

(Steel-cored) aluminium is used for overhead power cables to transmit electricity across long distances. Which property of (steel-cored) aluminium makes it appropriate for use in power cables?

Properties of metals

Which row shows a chemical change and a physical change?

Physical and chemical changes

The equation for the reaction when hydrogen is used as a fuel is shown: $\text{2H}_2 + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow \text{2H}_2\text{O}$. Which statement about this reaction is correct?

Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells

Which fuels give off carbon dioxide when they are burnt?

Fuels

Water is added to anhydrous copper(II) sulfate. What occurs during the reaction?

Physical and chemical changes

A fixed volume of hydrochloric acid is reacted with excess magnesium ribbon, and the volume of gas released is recorded as time passes. The outcomes of two separate experiments are shown. Which statement accounts for the differences in the results from the two experiments?

Rate of reaction

What products are produced when magnesium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

The oxides of two elements, X and Y, are each dissolved separately in water, and the pH of both solutions is then measured. The results are: X has pH $1$ and Y has pH $13$. Which statement about X and Y is correct?

Oxides

An acid is neutralised by adding an excess of an insoluble solid base. A soluble salt is produced. How can the pure salt be obtained from the reaction mixture?

Separation and purification

A student records how long it takes for $2.0\,\text{g}$ of magnesium to dissolve in $50\,\text{cm}^3$ of dilute sulfuric acid. Which piece of apparatus is needed to carry out the experiment?

Rate of reaction

Three individual samples of aqueous compound T are examined. The test results are given. What is T?

Identification of ions and gases

A section of the Periodic Table is shown. Which element is a metal?

Arrangement of elements

The elements sodium to argon make up Period 3 of the Periodic Table. Which row shows the trend across Period 3 from left to right?

Arrangement of elements

Lithium, sodium and potassium are elements in Group I of the Periodic Table. Which of the following statements about these elements is correct?

Group I properties

Which statement identifies a transition element?

Transition elements

Which diagram shows how the outer-shell electrons are arranged in a noble gas?

Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

Which of the following statements concerning the general properties of metals are correct?

Properties of metals

The reactions of three metals and their oxides are shown. What is the reactivity order of these metals, from most reactive to least reactive?

Reactivity series

Which applications of the metals shown are correct?

Uses of metals

Which of the following statements about the reactions taking place in the blast furnace is correct?

Extraction of metals

What separation method would be suitable for a mixture of these liquids? Methanol (boiling point $64.5\,^{\circ}\text{C}$) Ethanol (boiling point $78.5\,^{\circ}\text{C}$) Propan-1-ol (boiling point $97.2\,^{\circ}\text{C}$) Butan-1-ol (boiling point $117.0\,^{\circ}\text{C}$)

Separation and purification

Iron undergoes rusting when it is left in air. Which two substances present in air make iron rust?

Corrosion of metals

Fertilisers supply three of the elements required for plant growth. Which two compounds would make a fertiliser that contains all three of these elements?

Fertilisers

Which process gives rise to methane?

Air quality and climate

Which of the following statements about sulfur dioxide are correct?

Oxides

Which products are formed when limestone (calcium carbonate) is strongly heated?

Physical and chemical changes

Which of the lists contains compounds that belong to the same homologous series?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

Which row correctly describes aqueous ethanoic acid and dilute hydrochloric acid?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Several characteristics of colourless liquid L are given below. • It has a boiling point of $65^{\circ}\text{C}$. • If it is added to water, two separate layers are seen that do not mix. • It does not react when sodium carbonate is added. • It shows no change with bromine water. What is L?

Alkanes

A molecule of compound P has two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms. Which row shows P?

Formulae

The equation for the reaction between a hydrocarbon and water is shown below. $\mathrm{C}_x\mathrm{H}_y + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \xrightarrow{\text{catalyst}} \mathrm{C}_x\mathrm{H}_5\mathrm{OH}$ What are the values of $x$ and $y$?

Alkenes

Which substance needs to be pure for its intended use?

Separation and purification

In reaction $R$, numerous molecules of $J$ combine to produce a long-chain molecule called $K$. $K$ is the sole product. Which row gives the correct description of molecule $J$, reaction $R$ and molecule $K$?

Polymers

Which row shows an alloy, a pure metal, and a non-metal?

Alloys and their properties

Details of the structures of three atoms, X, Y and Z, are given below. X: proton number $1$, nucleon number $1$ Y: proton number $1$, nucleon number $2$ Z: proton number $1$, nucleon number $3$ Which statements about atoms X, Y and Z are true?

Isotopes

What occurs to an atom when it changes into an ion with a charge of $+1$?

Ions and ionic bonds

The relative atomic mass, $A_r$, of an element is found by comparing the mass of one atom of the element with the mass of one atom of element Q. What is Q?

Relative masses of atoms and molecules

Which equation correctly shows the decomposition of calcium nitrate?

Formulae

Substances alter state when their temperature changes. Which state changes happen if the temperature of a substance is reduced?

Solids, liquids and gases

The diagram illustrates the electrolysis of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated aqueous sodium chloride with carbon electrodes. At which electrodes is hydrogen formed?

Electrolysis

What type of reaction takes place when calcium carbonate is heated to a high temperature and forms calcium oxide and carbon dioxide?

Physical and chemical changes

Which row shows a chemical change and a physical change?

Physical and chemical changes

Which of the following statements about rate of reaction is correct?

Rate of reaction

Several everyday household substances are examined using litmus and methyl orange. Which statement is correct?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Water is added to anhydrous copper(II) sulfate. What occurs during this reaction?

Physical and chemical changes

In which equation does carbon undergo both oxidation and reduction?

Redox

Aqueous solutions that contain copper(II) ions may be recognised by carrying out flame tests and by adding aqueous sodium hydroxide. Which row gives the observations made in these tests?

Identification of ions and gases

The oxides of two elements, X and Y, are each dissolved separately in water, and the pH of both solutions is then measured. X has pH 1 and Y has pH 13. Which statement about X and Y is correct?

Oxides

If an acid is neutralised by adding extra insoluble solid base, a soluble salt is produced. How is the pure salt separated from the reaction mixture?

Separation and purification

A student records how long it takes for 2.0 g of magnesium to dissolve in 50 cm$^3$ of dilute sulfuric acid. Which apparatus is needed to carry out the experiment?

Rate of reaction

Several facts about gas G are given. G is monoatomic. G occurs in clean, dry air. G is used in lamps. Which element is G?

Noble gases

A section of the Periodic Table is shown. Which element is a metal?

Arrangement of elements

The elements sodium through argon make up Period 3 of the Periodic Table. Which row shows the pattern across Period 3 from left to right?

Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

The following properties of element E are given. Its density is high. Its melting point is also high. What is E?

Properties of metals

Lithium, sodium and potassium are elements in Group I of the Periodic Table. Chlorine, bromine and iodine are elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table. Which row shows the element with the lowest density in each group?

Group I properties

The reactions of the metals P, Q, R and S are shown. In what order do the metals react, from most reactive to least reactive?

Reactivity series

Iron is obtained from hematite in the blast furnace at a temperature of around $1550\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. Which equation represents the main reaction responsible for raising the temperature inside the furnace?

Extraction of metals

Which diagram shows how the atoms are arranged in an alloy?

Alloys and their properties

Which of the uses illustrated for the metals are correct?

Uses of metals

Which row shows a substance found in clean air and a substance that acts as an air pollutant?

Air quality and climate

What method is used to separate a mixture of the liquids below?

Separation and purification

Which property of sulfur dioxide accounts for its use as a food preservative?

Oxides

Fertilisers are used to supply three of the elements needed for plant growth. Which two compounds could be combined to produce a fertiliser containing all three of these elements?

Fertilisers

Compound J is an unsaturated carboxylic acid. Which types of bonds are found in a molecule of J?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

Petroleum is divided into useful fractions by fractional distillation. Which fraction is used as fuel for jet aeroplanes?

Fuels

What products are formed when limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated strongly?

Physical and chemical changes

Ethene reacts with substance X to produce ethanol. What is X?

Alkenes

Which equation shows the complete combustion of methane?

Fuels

Alkenes may be formed when cracking breaks large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller hydrocarbon molecules. Which equations show possible reactions when tetradecane, $\text{C}_{14}\text{H}_{30}$, is cracked?

Alkenes

The products made when substance J is burned are led through the apparatus illustrated. What is substance J?

Fuels

Which of these statements about ethanoic acid are correct?

Carboxylic acids

X and Y are two distinct elements. X and Y contain the same number of nucleons. Which statement about X and Y is correct?

Isotopes

Which statement concerning polymerisation is correct?

Polymers

Which row shows an alloy, a pure metal and a non-metal?

Alloys and their properties

Which of the following statements about ions and ionic bonding is correct?

Ions and ionic bonds

Which dot-and-cross diagram shows how the outer-shell electrons are arranged in a hydrogen chloride molecule?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

Which statement gives the reason graphite can be used as a lubricant?

Giant covalent structures

A compound formed from element X has the formula $\text{X}_2\text{O}$ and a relative formula mass of 144. What is element X?

Relative masses of atoms and molecules

Iodine is shown in two separate physical states. In state 1, iodine is made up of $\text{I}_2$ molecules that are far apart and moving quickly at random. In state 2, iodine is made up of $\text{I}_2$ molecules that are tightly packed together and only vibrate. Iodine can change directly from state 2 to state 1. Which row for state 2 and for the change from state 2 to state 1 is correct?

Solids, liquids and gases

The diagram illustrates the electrolysis of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated aqueous sodium chloride with carbon electrodes. At which electrodes is hydrogen formed?

Electrolysis

An energy level diagram for a reaction is displayed. Which statement is correct?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Which row shows a chemical change and a physical change?

Physical and chemical changes

Metal M reacts with steam and gives off gas G. Which row correctly names gas G and states the kind of reaction that occurs when metal M reacts with steam?

Reactivity series

The reaction rate for zinc lumps reacting with dilute sulfuric acid is investigated. The test is carried out four times, with just one variable altered on each occasion. The alterations are shown below. 1. The zinc lumps are changed to powdered zinc. 2. Water is mixed with the dilute sulfuric acid. 3. The temperature of the dilute sulfuric acid is raised. 4. A catalyst is introduced into the reaction mixture. Which of these alterations cause the reaction rate to increase?

Rate of reaction

Water is mixed with anhydrous copper(II) sulfate. What occurs during the reaction?

Physical and chemical changes

Which statement gives the reason for adding lime to soil?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Sulfur dioxide is passed through water that contains litmus. Which row states, and gives the reason for, what happens to the litmus?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

The oxides of two elements, X and Y, are dissolved separately in water, and the pH of each solution is then tested. oxide X: pH $= 1$ oxide Y: pH $= 13$ Which statement about X and Y is correct?

Oxides

The acid is neutralised by the addition of an excess amount of an insoluble solid base. A soluble salt is produced. How is the pure salt isolated from the reaction mixture?

Separation and purification

A student records how long it takes for $2.0\,\text{g}$ of magnesium to dissolve in $50\,\text{cm}^3$ of dilute sulfuric acid. Which piece of apparatus is needed to carry out the experiment? 1 stop-clock 2 measuring cylinder 3 thermometer 4 balance

Rate of reaction

Which ion produces a precipitate that dissolves in excess in both aqueous ammonia and aqueous sodium hydroxide?

Identification of ions and gases

A section of the Periodic Table is displayed. Which of the elements is a metal?

Arrangement of elements

The elements sodium through to argon make up Period 3 of the Periodic Table. Which row shows the pattern across Period 3 from left to right?

Arrangement of elements

Lithium and sodium belong to Group I in the Periodic Table. Which of the following statements about the properties of lithium and sodium are correct?

Group I properties

Which row gives the properties of a typical transition element?

Transition elements

Which row identifies an atom of a noble gas?

Noble gases

The table shows some properties of four elements, P, Q, R and S. Solid P reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid and produces hydrogen. Solid Q does not conduct electricity. Solid R is used to make saucepans since it is a good conductor of heat. Solid S combines with oxygen to form a compound in which atoms of S share electrons with atoms of oxygen. Which elements are metals?

Properties of metals

Three metals, X, Y and Z, are each placed separately into dilute hydrochloric acid. Their oxides are then heated with carbon. The outcomes of the reactions are shown. What are X, Y and Z?

Reactivity series

Which of the uses shown for the metals is correct?

Uses of metals

Carbon dioxide and methane are both greenhouse gases. Which activity results in the release of both of these gases?

Air quality and climate

What method is used to separate a mixture containing the following liquids? methanol (boiling point $64.5\,^{\circ}\text{C}$) ethanol (boiling point $78.5\,^{\circ}\text{C}$) propan-1-ol (boiling point $97.2\,^{\circ}\text{C}$) butan-1-ol (boiling point $117.0\,^{\circ}\text{C}$)

Separation and purification

Which of the following statements about carbon monoxide is correct?

Air quality and climate

Fertilisers are used to supply three of the elements required for plant growth. Which two compounds would produce a fertiliser that contains all three of these elements?

Fertilisers

Sulfur dioxide is tested by reacting it with acidified potassium manganate(VII). What colour change is observed in this test?

Identification of ions and gases

Which products are manufactured using calcium carbonate?

Elements, compounds and mixtures

Which products are formed when limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated strongly?

Physical and chemical changes

Which structures correspond to ethene and ethanol?

Naming organic compounds

Naphtha is one of the fractions separated by the fractional distillation of petroleum. What is a main use of the naphtha fraction?

Fuels

Which statement gives the correct description of cracking?

Alkanes

What temperature range is employed in the production of ethanol by fermentation?

Alcohols

A hydrocarbon is examined using aqueous bromine. The aqueous bromine changes from orange to colourless. Which row gives the description of the hydrocarbon?

Alkenes

Paper chromatography is used to separate four different coloured inks W, X, Y and Z, together with an unknown ink T. The chromatogram is shown. Which inks can be found in ink T?

Chromatography

Which polymers are present in food?

Polymers

Which row shows an alloy, a pure metal and a non-metal?

Alloys and their properties

An atom belonging to an element has 4 electrons, 4 protons and 6 neutrons. Which group of the Periodic Table does this element belong to?

Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

Which row gives the description of an ionic solid?

Ions and ionic bonds

Which molecule has more than one pair of electrons that are shared?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

Nitrogen-containing compounds may be used as fertilisers. Which compound has the highest mass percentage of nitrogen?

Relative masses of atoms and molecules