May/June 2019

Sodium chloride exists as a liquid at 900^{\circ}C. In sodium chloride at 900^{\circ}C, what is the arrangement of the particles, and in what way do the particles move?

Solids, liquids and gases

Four substances are electrolysed with inert electrodes. Which row shows the products at the electrodes?

Electrolysis

Dissolving ammonium chloride in water is an endothermic change. Which row gives the energy change and temperature change of the mixture while ammonium chloride is dissolving?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Which process counts as a physical change?

Physical and chemical changes

Hydrogen peroxide solution breaks down very slowly at room temperature, giving oxygen gas. When liquid detergent is added, this gas produces a foam that rises. Five test-tubes are each half-filled with hydrogen peroxide solution. A drop of liquid detergent is then added to every tube. Different metal oxides are added to four of the test-tubes, and the height of the foam produced after 1 minute is measured. The results are shown. Which conclusion can be drawn from these results?

Rate of reaction

If blue-green crystals of nickel(II) sulfate are heated, water is given off and a yellow solid is left behind. When water is then added to the yellow solid, the blue-green colour comes back. Which process is shown by these changes?

Reversible reactions and equilibrium

Within a blast furnace, iron is obtained when iron(III) oxide reacts with carbon monoxide. The equation is given below. $\text{Fe}_2\text{O}_3 + 3\text{CO} \rightarrow 2\text{Fe} + 3\text{CO}_2$ Which substance is oxidised, and which substance is reduced?

Redox

Four distinct solutions are tested separately using blue litmus and methyl orange. It is already known that each solution is either acidic or alkaline. The results are given. Which statement is correct?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

The placements of elements W, X, Y and Z in the Periodic Table are shown. Which of these elements produce basic oxides?

Oxides

How can crystals of a pure salt be obtained from dilute sulfuric acid?

Preparation of salts

The outcomes of two tests carried out on a solution of compound Q are shown. What is Q?

Identification of ions and gases

$2.00\,\text{g}$ of powdered calcium carbonate is put into $50.0\,\text{cm}^3$ of hydrochloric acid. Which apparatus is used to measure out the calcium carbonate and the hydrochloric acid?

Experimental design

The characteristics of an element are shown. Which element has these characteristics?

Arrangement of elements

Which statement concerning the elements in Group I and Group VII of the Periodic Table is correct?

Arrangement of elements

Which row gives the properties of a transition element?

Transition elements

Which statement concerning elements in Group VIII of the Periodic Table is correct?

Noble gases

The diagrams illustrate the arrangement of atoms in two substances that are used to produce electrical conductors. Which statement gives the correct description of X and Y?

Metallic bonding

The table below summarises how three metals, P, Q and R, behave. P: with dilute hydrochloric acid: yes; with water: no. Q: with dilute hydrochloric acid: no; with water: no. R: with dilute hydrochloric acid: yes; with water: yes. What is the reactivity order of these metals?

Reactivity series

Iron is obtained from its ore in a blast furnace. Hematite, coke, limestone and hot air are introduced into the furnace. Which explanation is incorrect?

Extraction of metals

Why is aluminium chosen for making containers that store food?

Uses of metals

Water may be treated by filtration followed by chlorination. Which uses do not require water of this standard?

Water

Four causes of air pollution are given below. 1 burning fossil fuels containing sulfur 2 nitrogen reacting with oxygen in car engines 3 incomplete combustion of carbon fuels 4 adding lead compounds to petrol Which of these causes produce acid rain?

Air quality and climate

Rock salt contains sand mixed with sodium chloride. Sodium chloride dissolves in water, but it does not dissolve in hexane. Sand does not dissolve in either water or hexane. What is needed to remove the sand from the sodium chloride?

Separation and purification

The diagram illustrates an experiment used to find out how paint influences the rusting of iron. What change occurs in the water level in tubes P and Q?

Corrosion of metals

A blend of two substances, R and S, is heated. The moist red litmus paper changes to blue. What are R and S?

Identification of ions and gases

Which statement gives a disadvantage of sulfur dioxide?

Air quality and climate

The diagram shows a lime kiln that is used to heat limestone to a very high temperature. What comes out of the kiln at X?

Physical and chemical changes

What is the molecular structure of ethanol?

Alcohols

Which fuel may be gasoline?

Fuels

A hydrocarbon W burns to produce carbon dioxide and water. W decolourises bromine water. What is the identity of W, and what does its structure look like?

Alkenes

Why does ethanol belong to the homologous series of alcohols whereas propane does not?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

Which of the following statements about ethanol are correct?

Alcohols

Which statements concerning aqueous ethanoic acid are correct?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Chromatography is used to separate the colours found in four dyes. Which chromatogram shows a colour that is insoluble?

Chromatography

Which naturally occurring polymers are present in foods?

Polymers

Which of the following statements about an atom of fluorine, $^{{19}}_{{9}}\text{F}$, is correct?

Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

Calcium reacts with chlorine to form calcium chloride. What occurs when a calcium ion is formed in this reaction?

Ions and ionic bonds

Which row gives the description of how single covalent bonds form in methane?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

Diamond and graphite each have giant covalent structures consisting of carbon atoms. Which statement is used to describe graphite?

Giant covalent structures

The formula of the compound magnesium nitrate is $\text{Mg(NO}_3)_2$. What relative formula mass does magnesium nitrate have?

Relative masses of atoms and molecules

Which row shows how particles are arranged and how they move in a solid?

Solids, liquids and gases

Separate electrolysis is carried out on samples of dilute sulfuric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid. Which row shows the product formed at each electrode in the electrolysis of both substances?

Electrolysis

Which row gives the energy-level diagram and the energy change for an exothermic reaction?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Which process counts as a physical change?

Physical and chemical changes

The experiment is arranged as shown. Every 30 seconds, the mass of the conical flask and its contents is recorded. Which option correctly describes the reaction and the changes to the reaction conditions?

Rate of reaction

When blue-green crystals of nickel(II) sulfate are heated, water is given off and a yellow solid is left behind. If water is then added to the yellow solid, the blue-green colour comes back. Which process describes these changes?

Physical and chemical changes

These reaction types are given: 1 oxidation, 2 decomposition, 3 combustion, 4 reduction. The equation represents magnesium reacting with oxygen: $2\text{Mg} + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{MgO}$. Which of these reaction types does magnesium undergo in this reaction?

Redox

What colours are observed when litmus and methyl orange are each added to separate samples of aqueous sodium hydroxide?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

The positions of elements W, X, Y and Z in the Periodic Table are shown. Which of these elements form basic oxides?

Oxides

An acid is neutralised by adding an excess of an insoluble solid base. A soluble salt is formed. How is the pure salt recovered from the reaction mixture?

Separation and purification

A substance is examined using three different reagents. Which row gives the outcomes obtained with aqueous iron(II) nitrate?

Identification of ions and gases

A student needs to obtain an accurate volume of $25.00\,\text{cm}^3$ of dilute hydrochloric acid. Which apparatus is most suitable?

Acid–base titrations

A section of the Periodic Table is shown. Which row gives the properties of X, Y and Z?

Arrangement of elements

The melting points and boiling points for the elements in Group I of the Periodic Table are given. At $800\degree\text{C}$, which pair of elements would be in the liquid state?

Group I properties

The table provides some information on four metals Q, R, S and T. Which of the statements are correct?

Properties of metals

The electron arrangements for helium, neon and argon are shown. Which row matches these gases?

Noble gases

The diagrams illustrate the structures of two substances used in the manufacture of electrical conductors. Which statement gives the correct description of X and Y?

Metallic bonding

Three different metals are each reacted separately with dilute hydrochloric acid and with water. The outcomes are shown. What is the reactivity order of the metals, beginning with the most reactive?

Reactivity series

Iron is obtained from its ore in a blast furnace. Hematite, coke, limestone and hot air are fed into the furnace. Which explanation is incorrect?

Extraction of metals

What property of aluminium makes it useful for aircraft manufacture?

Properties of metals

Water may be purified by filtration followed by chlorination. Which uses do not require water of this standard?

Water

The gases below contaminate the atmosphere. Which of them are responsible for acid rain?

Air quality and climate

Which procedure is used to separate a soluble salt from a mixture containing a soluble salt and an insoluble salt?

Separation and purification

The diagram illustrates an experiment used to investigate the effect of paint on the rusting of iron. How does the water level change in tubes P and Q?

Corrosion of metals

Ammonia gas is formed when compound X is warmed with an ammonium salt. Identify X.

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Which statement gives a disadvantage of sulfur dioxide?

Air quality and climate

The diagram shows a lime kiln that is used to heat limestone to a very high temperature. What exits the kiln at X?

Physical and chemical changes

How is ethanoic acid structured?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

Which fuel might be gasoline?

Fuels

A hydrocarbon W burns to produce carbon dioxide and water. W decolourises bromine water. What is W called, and what does its structure look like?

Alkenes

Which of the following statements about homologous series is not correct?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

Which of the following statements about ethanol are correct?

Alcohols

Which properties does aqueous ethanoic acid have?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Which diagram indicates the correct solvent level at the start of a chromatography experiment?

Chromatography

Which polymers occur in foods?

Polymers

What is meant by an isotope of $^{31}_{15}E$?

Isotopes

Which statement concerning the formation of ions in chemical reactions is correct?

Ions and ionic bonds

Which row explains how single covalent bonds form in methane?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

Which statement accounts for why graphite is used as a lubricant?

Giant covalent structures

Magnesium nitrate is represented by the formula $\text{Mg(NO}_3)_2$. What is its relative formula mass?

Relative masses of atoms and molecules

Which row gives the arrangement and movement of the particles in a liquid?

Solids, liquids and gases

During electrolysis, which substance does not give off a gas at both electrodes?

Electrolysis

Which row shows the changes that happen when metals burn in oxygen?

Physical and chemical changes

Which process counts as a physical change?

Physical and chemical changes

A student reacts strips of zinc with dilute sulfuric acid and records how long it takes to produce $100\,\text{cm}^3$ of hydrogen. The test is repeated under different conditions. The results are shown in the table. Which change in conditions would give the results shown in experiment 2?

Rate of reaction

If blue-green crystals of nickel(II) sulfate are heated, water is released and a yellow solid is left behind. When water is then added to the yellow solid, the blue-green colour returns. Which process name is used for these changes?

Physical and chemical changes

Zinc is produced when zinc oxide is heated together with carbon. $\text{zinc oxide} + \text{carbon} \rightarrow \text{zinc} + \text{carbon monoxide}$. Which substance is oxidised in this reaction?

Redox

Which row gives the colours shown by litmus and methyl orange in acid and base solutions?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Shown are the positions of elements W, X, Y and Z in the Periodic Table. Which of these elements form basic oxides?

Oxides

Copper(II) sulfate is formed when copper(II) carbonate reacts with dilute sulfuric acid. $\text{CuCO}_3 + \text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 \rightarrow \text{CuSO}_4 + \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{CO}_2$. Pure copper(II) sulfate crystals are produced. Which reagent is present in excess and by what method are the crystals obtained?

Preparation of salts

A solution of compound X is tested in two different ways. The observations are shown. What is X?

Identification of ions and gases

Which apparatus would be used to measure $24.8\,\text{cm}^3$ of gas produced in a reaction?

Experimental design

A section of the Periodic Table is shown. Which line gives the details of W, X, Y and Z?

Arrangement of elements

Which of the following statements about the properties of the elements in Group I and in Group VII is correct?

Group I properties

Some details about four elements, P, Q, R and S, are displayed below. Which of these are transition elements?

Transition elements

Gas G contains 10 electrons. Gas H contains eight additional electrons compared with gas G. Both gases are monoatomic. Which statement about G and H is correct?

Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

The diagrams illustrate the structures of two substances used in the manufacture of electrical conductors. Which statement correctly describes X and Y?

Properties of metals

Three metals, L, M and N, are each placed separately into dilute hydrochloric acid and cold water. The outcomes are shown. What is the metals’ order of reactivity?

Reactivity series

Iron is obtained from its ore in a blast furnace. Hematite, coke, limestone and hot air are put into the furnace. Which explanation is incorrect?

Extraction of metals

Aluminium is used to make containers for keeping food. Which property makes it appropriate for this purpose?

Properties of metals

Water may be purified by filtration followed by chlorination. Which of these uses do not need water of this standard?

Water

Which of the following statements about acid rain is incorrect?

Air quality and climate

In water, calcium carbonate is insoluble, but sodium chloride is soluble. What sequence of steps would you use to isolate a pure, dry sample of calcium carbonate from a mixture containing calcium carbonate and aqueous sodium chloride?

Separation and purification

The diagram illustrates an experiment used to investigate how paint influences the rusting of iron. What happens to the water level in tubes P and Q?

Corrosion of metals

Which gas is given off when ammonium chloride is heated with aqueous sodium hydroxide?

Identification of ions and gases

Which statement gives a disadvantage of sulfur dioxide?

Air quality and climate

The diagram shows a lime kiln that is used to heat limestone to a very high temperature. What comes out of the kiln at X?

Physical and chemical changes

The structural formulae of four compounds are shown. Which row lists the names of the compounds?

Naming organic compounds

Which fuel might be gasoline?

Fuels

Hydrocarbon W burns, producing carbon dioxide and water. W makes bromine water lose its colour. What is W called, and what is its structure?

Alkenes

Which of the following statements about homologous series are correct?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

Which of the statements about ethanol are correct?

Alcohols

Which of the following statements about aqueous ethanoic acid is correct?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

A student carries out paper chromatography to work out which food dyes are present in a coloured sweet, S. Four known food dyes, W, X, Y, and Z, are used, with ethanol as the solvent. The chromatogram obtained is shown. Which of the statements are correct?

Chromatography

Which of these substances are synthetic polymers?

Polymers

The arrangement of an atom is displayed. An isotope of which element is the atom?

Isotopes

What occurs when sodium atoms react with chlorine atoms to produce sodium chloride?

Ions and ionic bonds

Which row shows how single covalent bonds are formed in methane?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

Which of the following statements about diamond is correct?

Giant covalent structures

Magnesium nitrate is shown by the formula $\text{Mg(NO}_3)_2$. What is the relative formula mass of magnesium nitrate?

Relative masses of atoms and molecules