Oct/Nov 2018

A beaker that contains solid carbon dioxide is left in a fume cupboard at room temperature. The carbon dioxide changes into a gas. Which process names this change of state?

Solids, liquids and gases

In the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride, chlorine gas forms at the positive electrode. What occurs at the negative electrode, and what happens to the solution?

Electrolysis

The diagram illustrates an experiment used to electroplate a nickel spoon with silver. Which row gives the correct description of the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the electrolyte?

Electrolysis

Which substance releases heat energy without needing oxygen?

Fuels

An energy level diagram for a reaction is displayed. Which statement about this reaction is correct?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Two reactions are carried out. 1. Hydrated cobalt(II) chloride is warmed. Its colour alters. 2. Water is then added to the product from reaction 1. The mixture gets hotter. The initial colour is seen again. Which types of reaction occurred in reactions 1 and 2?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Which equation illustrates the reduction of an iron compound?

Redox

Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas. Graph X displays the results of this experiment. The particle size of the calcium carbonate is increased, and the experiment is carried out again. All other conditions remain unchanged. Graph Y displays the results of this experiment. Which diagram is correct for the two experiments?

Rate of reaction

A section of the Periodic Table is displayed. Which element forms an oxide that reacts with dilute acid to produce a salt and water?

Oxides

Some spilled acid is treated with an excess of substance Z. The resulting solution is neutral. Identify Z.

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Aqueous sodium hydroxide is placed into solid Q in a test-tube. A gas is given off that turns damp red litmus paper blue. What is Q?

Identification of ions and gases

The pressure of a gas sample is reduced. The temperature remains constant. Which row shows the effects on the particles?

Solids, liquids and gases

Potassium hydroxide is a base. Which statement gives a description of a reaction involving potassium hydroxide?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Which statement concerning the Periodic Table is incorrect?

Arrangement of elements

Elements in Group I of the Periodic Table react with water. Which row shows the products formed in this reaction and the pattern in the elements’ reactivity?

Group I properties

The equation represents the reaction of a halogen with aqueous bromide ions. $X_2 + 2\text{Br}^- \rightarrow 2X^- + \text{Br}_2$ Which words should be used to fill gaps 1, 2 and 3?

Group VII properties

An inert gas R is used to inflate weather balloons. Which descriptions of R are correct?

Noble gases

Metal X reacts with steam, yet it does not react when placed in cold water. What is X?

Reactivity series

What process is employed to extract aluminium from bauxite?

Extraction of metals

Which row identifies the uses of the metals listed?

Uses of metals

Argon is a noble gas that is used to fill light bulbs. Approximately what percentage of air is argon?

Noble gases

The diagrams illustrate experiments on the rusting of iron. A student made the following prediction about the results.

Corrosion of metals

Which statement concerning paper chromatography is correct?

Chromatography

Which statement concerning air pollutants is incorrect?

Air quality and climate

The table shows three kinds of water. Which statement is correct?

Water

Which compound would not be used as an essential component of a garden fertiliser?

Fertilisers

Carbon dioxide and methane both add to climate change. Which process generates both gases?

Air quality and climate

Which reaction is endothermic?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Petroleum is a blend of various hydrocarbons. Which process is used to divide petroleum into groups containing similar hydrocarbons?

Separation and purification

Which two compounds are molecules that both contain a double bond?

Alkenes

Which pair of diagrams represents compounds in the same homologous series?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

Ethanol may be produced by: 1 fermentation 2 the reaction of steam with ethene. Which of these processes use a catalyst?

Alcohols

Which of the following statements about ethanoic acid is correct?

Carboxylic acids

The diagrams display four items of laboratory apparatus: balance, pipette, stop-clock and thermometer. Which piece of equipment is needed to determine whether dissolving a salt in water is an exothermic process?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Which statement concerning Terylene is correct?

Polymers

Although iodine, I, has a smaller relative atomic mass than tellurium, Te, it is listed after tellurium in the Periodic Table. Which statement accounts for iodine being positioned after tellurium in the Periodic Table?

Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

Substance Q has a high melting point and is able to conduct electricity both in the molten state and when it is dissolved in water. What type of substance is Q?

Ions and ionic bonds

Elements X and Y combine to make an ionic compound, XY. X is in which group of the Periodic Table, and in what way is the bond between X and Y made?

Ions and ionic bonds

The diagram shows the structure of glycine. Which row is correct?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

Calcium phosphate is produced when solutions of calcium chloride and sodium phosphate are mixed and react. $x\text{CaCl}_2 + y\text{Na}_3\text{PO}_4 \rightarrow 2\text{Ca}_3(\text{PO}_4)_2 + 12\text{NaCl$ What values of $x$ and $y$ balance the equation?

Formulae

A gas is warmed while the pressure remains constant. Which statement describes how the particles in the gas behave?

Solids, liquids and gases

Concentrated hydrochloric acid and dilute sulfuric acid were electrolysed in two separate experiments using carbon electrodes. Which statement is true for both electrolysis experiments?

Electrolysis

Aqueous nickel(II) sulfate is employed as the electrolyte when a piece of steel is electroplated with nickel. Which materials are chosen for the negative electrode and the positive electrode?

Electrolysis

Which substance does not require oxygen to release heat energy?

Fuels

The same volumes and concentrations of dilute hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide are combined. The temperatures of the solutions are given below. Dilute hydrochloric acid: $26~^\circ\text{C}$ Aqueous sodium hydroxide: $26~^\circ\text{C}$ Mixture of dilute hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide: $33~^\circ\text{C}$ Which statement describes the reaction?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

A student warms hydrated copper(II) sulfate. The blue crystals turn into a white powder. How can the student make this change happen in reverse?

Physical and chemical changes

Which compound is shown using oxidation state (VII)?

Redox

Magnesium powder is reacted with an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid, giving hydrogen gas. Which of the following statements about this reaction are correct?

Reactivity series

In which row have the oxides been identified correctly?

Oxides

These steps are carried out to make solid magnesium sulfate. 1. measuring $20~\text{cm}^3$ of dilute sulfuric acid with a measuring cylinder 2. adding an excess of solid magnesium carbonate to dilute sulfuric acid 3. filtration 4. evaporation In which sequence should these steps be carried out?

Preparation of salts

On adding dilute sulfuric acid to solid X, a colourless solution is obtained and a gas is released. What is X?

Preparation of salts

In which state does $1\,\text{dm}^3$ of methane contain the greatest number of particles?

Solids, liquids and gases

A small amount of methyl orange is introduced into a reaction mixture. As the reaction proceeds, a gas is given off and the methyl orange changes from red to orange. Which substances are the reactants?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

The positions of two elements, P and Q, in the Periodic Table are displayed. P and Q react with each other to produce a compound. What is the formula of the compound?

Ions and ionic bonds

Elements in Group I of the Periodic Table react with water. Which row shows the products formed in the reaction and the pattern in the elements’ reactivity?

Group I properties

The equation represents the reaction of a halogen with aqueous bromide ions. $X_2 + 2\text{Br}^- \rightarrow 2\text{X}^- + \text{Br}_2$ Which words fill gaps 1, 2 and 3?

Group VII properties

An inert gas R is used to inflate weather balloons. Which statements about R are correct?

Noble gases

Four metals, W, X, Y and Z, are each reacted separately with water and with dilute hydrochloric acid. The observations are shown. In what order do the four metals increase in reactivity, beginning with the least reactive?

Reactivity series

A section of the reactivity series is shown. It ranks potassium as the most reactive, followed by carbon, zinc, iron and copper as the least reactive. Which metal has to be obtained from its ore by electrolysis?

Extraction of metals

Which statement about the uses of metals is incorrect?

Uses of metals

Argon is a noble gas that is used to fill electric lamps. What is the approximate proportion of argon in air?

Air quality and climate

The diagrams illustrate experiments on the rusting of iron. A student made the following predictions. Which of these predictions are correct?

Corrosion of metals

The chromatogram for four dye mixtures, P, Q, R and S, is displayed. What is the overall number of different dyes identified in the four mixtures?

Chromatography

Which statements concerning sulfur dioxide pollution are correct?

Air quality and climate

The table shows three kinds of water. Which statement is correct?

Water

Which compound would not be used as a major ingredient in a garden fertiliser?

Fertilisers

Carbon dioxide and methane both play a part in climate change. Which process gives rise to both gases?

Air quality and climate

Which option is not a use of lime?

Oxides

Petroleum consists of a blend of different hydrocarbons. Which process is used to split the petroleum into fractions of similar hydrocarbons?

Separation and purification

Which pair of compounds are molecules that both have a double bond?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

Which molecule is not included in the alcohol homologous series?

Alcohols

Ethanol may be produced by: 1 fermentation 2 a reaction between steam and ethene. Which of these processes requires a catalyst?

Alcohols

Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. Which of the following statements about ethanoic acid are correct?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

The diagrams present four items of laboratory equipment: balance, pipette, stop-clock and thermometer. Which equipment is needed to determine whether dissolving a salt in water is an exothermic process?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Which substance is found as a natural polymer?

Polymers

What number of neutrons does the atom $^{45}_{21}X$ contain?

Isotopes

Strontium nitrate is an ionic compound. Cyclohexane is a covalent compound. Which row gives a property of each compound?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

Ionic bonds are produced when elements in Group I and Group VII react with each other. Which statement about ions or ionic compounds is incorrect?

Ions and ionic bonds

What is the relative formula mass for $\text{Mg(OH)}_2$?

Relative masses of atoms and molecules

When calcium carbonate, $\text{CaCO}_3$, is added to dilute hydrochloric acid, carbon dioxide is formed. The reaction equation is given below. The relative formula mass of calcium carbonate is $100$. $\text{CaCO}_3 + 2\text{HCl} \rightarrow \text{CaCl}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{CO}_2$ A sample of $10\,\text{g}$ of calcium carbonate is reacted with excess dilute hydrochloric acid. What mass of carbon dioxide is formed?

The mole and the Avogadro constant

The statements outline two changes of state. 1 The molecules of substance X are in a random arrangement. As the change of state occurs, they lose energy and become more ordered, although the molecules can still move freely. 2 The molecules of substance Y are in a regular lattice. As the change of state occurs, they gain energy and become less ordered, while the molecules remain close together. Which changes of state are described in the statements?

Solids, liquids and gases

When Q is electrolysed with carbon electrodes, colourless gases form at both electrodes. What is Q?

Electrolysis

Which electrodes and electrolyte could be used to electroplate a copper medal with gold?

Electrolysis

Which substance does not use oxygen to release heat energy?

Fuels

Which row gives the description of an endothermic reaction?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

When solid hydrated cobalt(II) chloride crystals are heated, they become blue and steam is released. If water is added to the blue crystals, they change to pink. Which type of reaction has taken place?

Reversible reactions and equilibrium

Iron(III) oxide is reacted with carbon monoxide. The equation is given as $\text{Fe}_2\text{O}_3 + 3\text{CO} \rightarrow 2\text{Fe} + 3\text{CO}_2$. Which substance is reduced?

Redox

In Experiment 1, $1\,\text{g}$ of calcium carbonate is allowed to react with an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid, and the volume of gas given off each minute is measured. In Experiment 2, the same experiment is carried out again, but smaller pieces of calcium carbonate are used. All the other conditions remain unchanged. The findings from both experiments are presented in a table with time in s (0, 60, 120, 180, 240), volume of gas from Experiment 1 in $\text{cm}^3$ (0, 98, 172, 212, 220) and volume of gas from Experiment 2 in $\text{cm}^3$ (0, 157, 209, 220, 220). Which statement is correct for Experiment 2?

Rate of reaction

A table shows the outcomes of some experiments involving sulfur dioxide. Which outcomes are correct?

Identification of ions and gases

A student makes solid hydrated copper(II) sulfate using dilute sulfuric acid and the insoluble base copper(II) oxide. Which process is not carried out in the procedure?

Preparation of salts

When small quantities of two colourless solutions are mixed, a white precipitate forms. Which pair of solutions would produce a white precipitate?

Identification of ions and gases

Which statement about gases is accurate?

Solids, liquids and gases

Solution Q is heated with ammonium chloride. In another experiment, solution Q is then added to methyl orange. Which observations indicate that solution Q is basic?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Which statement about the elements in the Periodic Table is correct?

Arrangement of elements

Elements in Group I of the Periodic Table react with water. Which row shows the products formed in this reaction and the pattern in reactivity of the elements?

Group I properties

The equation below represents the reaction between a halogen and aqueous bromide ions. $X_2 + 2Br^- \rightarrow 2X^- + Br_2$ Which words fit gaps 1, 2 and 3?

Group VII properties

An inert gas R is used to inflate weather balloons. Which statements about R are true?

Noble gases

Calcium combines with cold water, releasing hydrogen. When lead is heated in air, it changes slowly into an oxide, but it shows almost no reaction with steam. Silver shows no reaction with either air or water. Zinc, when heated with steam, produces hydrogen. Which substances are in order of reactivity, beginning with the least reactive?

Reactivity series

Iron and potassium are both metals. Which row indicates the metal’s reactivity and the method used to extract it from its ore?

Extraction of metals

Which row identifies a use of a metal and the property on which that use relies?

Uses of metals

Argon is a noble gas that is put into light bulbs. Approximately what percentage of air is made up of argon?

Noble gases

The diagrams illustrate experiments on the rusting of iron. A student made the following prediction. Which of these predictions are correct?

Corrosion of metals

Salt is mixed with pure water to make an aqueous solution. Which statement is correct?

Elements, compounds and mixtures

Which equation shows the incomplete combustion of propane, $\text{C}_3\text{H}_8$?

Fuels

The table shows three kinds of water. Which statement is correct?

Water

Which compound would not be used as a main component of a garden fertiliser?

Fertilisers

Carbon dioxide and methane each add to climate change. Which process results in both gases being produced?

Air quality and climate

Which equation shows how lime is formed?

Oxides

Petroleum contains a mixture of different hydrocarbons. Which process is used to separate petroleum into groups of hydrocarbons that are similar?

Separation and purification

Which two compounds are molecules that each contain a double bond?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

For any homologous series, which statement is correct?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

Ethanol may be made by: 1 fermentation 2 a reaction of ethene with steam. Which of these processes uses a catalyst?

Alcohols

Which statement about ethanoic acid is incorrect?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

The diagrams present four items of laboratory equipment: balance, pipette, stop-clock and thermometer. Which equipment is needed to determine whether dissolving a salt in water is an exothermic process?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Some details about poly(ethene) are provided below. • Poly(ethene) is used for making plastic bags. • Poly(ethene) plastic bags in landfill sites do not break down easily. • Poly(ethene) molecules contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. Which statement about poly(ethene) is correct?

Polymers

Which statement gives the definition of isotopes?

Isotopes

Substance X is able to conduct electricity. What is X?

Properties of metals

Which statement gives a description of the elements in Group I?

Group I properties

The formula for calcium phosphate is $\text{Ca}_3(\text{PO}_4)_2$. What is the relative formula mass of this compound?

Relative masses of atoms and molecules

Limestone effervesces and dissolves in dilute hydrochloric acid. What is the word equation for the reaction that takes place?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases