May/June 2017

The diagram illustrates several changes of state. Which words name the changes of state, P, Q, R and S?

Solids, liquids and gases

A concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride is electrolysed. Which substance is formed in the largest amount at the positive electrode (anode)?

Electrolysis

The table lists some properties of four fuels. Which fuel is gaseous at room temperature and forms two products when it burns in an abundant supply of air?

Fuels

Which of these statements about exothermic and endothermic reactions are correct?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

When sulfur is heated, it undergoes a \(\ldots\ldots 1 \ldots\ldots\) change as it melts. If heating continues, the sulfur then undergoes a \(\ldots\ldots 2 \ldots\ldots\) change and produces sulfur dioxide. Which words fill gaps 1 and 2?

Physical and chemical changes

Which row accurately links the experiment and the observations to the identity of the underlined substance?

Identification of ions and gases

A student investigated the reaction of marble chips with dilute hydrochloric acid. Which changes reduce the rate of reaction?

Rate of reaction

The reactions shown below can take place in the air during a thunder-storm. $\text{N}_2 + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{NO}$ $2\text{NO} + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{NO}_2$ $\text{NO} + \text{O}_3 \rightarrow \text{NO}_2 + \text{O}_2$ Which row indicates what happens to the reactant molecules in each reaction?

Redox

Hydrochloric acid is placed with magnesium metal and, in a separate test, with sodium carbonate. Which row gives the observations?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Which oxide dissolves in water to produce an alkaline solution?

Oxides

In which salt preparation are a burette and a pipette used?

Acid–base titrations

The diagram shows a section of a thermometer. What reading is shown on the thermometer?

Solids, liquids and gases

Substance X is warmed with dilute hydrochloric acid, forming a gas that decolourises acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII). In a flame test, Substance X produces a yellow flame. What is X?

Identification of ions and gases

A section of the Periodic Table is shown. Which element is a soft solid that reacts very vigorously with cold water?

Group I properties

Which element shows a lower reactivity than the other members of its group in the Periodic Table?

Arrangement of elements

An element shows these properties: it forms coloured compounds, it functions as a catalyst, and it melts at $1539^\circ \text{C}$. In which section of the Periodic Table is this element located?

Transition elements

Why are weather balloons sometimes inflated with helium instead of hydrogen?

Noble gases

Element E: • can form an alloy • produces a basic oxide • lies below hydrogen in the reactivity series. Identify E.

Properties of metals

The reactions of three metals and their oxides are illustrated below. What is the reactivity order of the metals?

Reactivity series

Which statement regarding iron extraction in a blast furnace is not correct?

Extraction of metals

Stainless steel is an alloy made from iron and other metals. It is strong and does not rust, but it is much more expensive than ordinary steel. Which item is not manufactured from stainless steel?

Alloys and their properties

The diagram illustrates several domestic uses of water. For which of these uses is it important that the water has been treated?

Water

A pure sample of water boils at $100\,^{\circ}\text{C}$ and solidifies at $0\,^{\circ}\text{C}$. For a sample of aqueous sodium chloride, what are the boiling point and freezing point?

Solids, liquids and gases

Which gas has no colour and is poisonous?

Air quality and climate

Two experiments that involve water are given below. 1 When potassium manganate(VII) is added to water, the water becomes purple. 2 When water is added to sodium, the temperature rises. Which row gives the role of water in 1 and 2?

Water

During which process is carbon dioxide not produced?

Physical and chemical changes

Which statement is false?

Elements, compounds and mixtures

The molecular structures of three substances are shown. What makes all of these substances members of the same homologous series?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

Which petroleum fraction is paired with the wrong use?

Fuels

Cracking is a significant process in the petroleum industry. The products formed by cracking include .....1..... and .....2..... of .....3..... relative molecular mass than the .....4..... that were cracked. Which words complete gaps 1, 2, 3 and 4?

Fuels

Which compound makes aqueous bromine decolourise rapidly?

Alkenes

Ethanol has two production methods. method 1: catalytic addition of steam to ethene method 2: fermentation Which statement is incorrect?

Alcohols

Which statement concerning aqueous ethanoic acid is not correct?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Pure copper(II) sulfate crystals may be prepared by reacting copper(II) oxide with hot dilute sulfuric acid. Copper(II) oxide is added until it ....1..... The mixture is ....2..... and then ....3..... so that the pure crystals are obtained. Which words fill gaps 1, 2 and 3?

Preparation of salts

The diagram shows part of a polymer molecule. Which diagram shows the monomer that could be used to make this polymer?

Polymers

Which component of an atom has a relative mass of $1$ and a relative charge of $0$?

Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

Which molecule has precisely two single covalent bonds?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

Sodium combines with chlorine to produce sodium chloride. Which statements explain what happens to the sodium atoms in this reaction?

Ions and ionic bonds

Diamond is very hard and is a poor conductor of electricity. Which statement accounts for these properties?

Giant covalent structures

What is the relative formula mass of ammonium nitrate, $\text{NH}_4\text{NO}_3$?

Relative masses of atoms and molecules

Four statements about how particles are arranged are shown below. 1. Particles are arranged in a regular pattern. 2. Particles are arranged at random. 3. Particles slide over one another. 4. Particles vibrate around fixed positions. Which statements describe the particles in a solid?

Solids, liquids and gases

An aqueous sodium chloride solution with a high concentration can be electrolysed. Which statement is correct?

Electrolysis

Which of these statements about fuels is correct?

Fuels

Which of these statements about exothermic and endothermic reactions are correct?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

When calcium carbonate is heated, a gas is formed. What kind of change is this?

Physical and chemical changes

X is a white solid that dissolves in water, forming a blue solution. What is X?

Ions and ionic bonds

A student was carrying out an investigation into the reaction between marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid. Which changes would make the rate of reaction slower?

Rate of reaction

These reactions can take place in air during a thunder-storm. $\text{N}_2 + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{NO}$ $2\text{NO} + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{NO}_2$ $\text{NO} + \text{O}_3 \rightarrow \text{NO}_2 + \text{O}_2$ Which row indicates what happens to the reactant molecules in each reaction?

Redox

When compound P is mixed with sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide is given off. When compound Q is mixed with ammonium chloride, ammonia is given off. What are P and Q?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Which oxide is suitable for neutralising acidic soil?

Oxides

Which method for preparing a salt makes use of a burette and a pipette?

Acid–base titrations

A student has to measure four separate volumes of a solution with high accuracy. The volumes are $10\text{ cm}^3$, $25\text{ cm}^3$, $50\text{ cm}^3$ and $60\text{ cm}^3$. The apparatus provided includes a $25\text{ cm}^3$ pipette. Which of these volumes could be measured with this pipette?

Experimental design

Dilute sulfuric acid is added separately to two aqueous solutions, X and Y. The results are shown below. Solution X: a white precipitate forms Solution Y: bubbles of a colourless gas are produced Which row indicates the ions present in the solutions?

Identification of ions and gases

A section of the Periodic Table is displayed. Which element is classed as a metal?

Arrangement of elements

Which element is less reactive than the other elements in its group in the Periodic Table?

Group I properties

This element shows the following properties. • It produces coloured compounds. • It works as a catalyst. • It has a melting point of $1539^\circ\text{C}$. In which section of the Periodic Table would this element be placed?

Transition elements

Why are weather balloons occasionally filled with helium instead of hydrogen?

Noble gases

Element E: - makes an alloy - produces a basic oxide - lies below hydrogen in the reactivity series. What is E?

Reactivity series

Calcium, copper, iron and magnesium are metals. They can be arranged according to reactivity. Which statement is correct?

Reactivity series

Steel is made from the iron obtained in a blast furnace. Which statement about the production of iron and steel is incorrect?

Extraction of metals

Stainless steel is an alloy made from iron and other metals. It is strong and does not rust, but it costs far more than ordinary steel. Which item is not made from stainless steel?

Alloys and their properties

The diagram illustrates some ways water is used in the home. For which uses is it important that the water has been treated?

Water

Impurities alter the melting point and the boiling point of substances. Sodium chloride is added to a sample of pure water. What effect does adding sodium chloride have on the water’s melting point and boiling point?

Solids, liquids and gases

Which gas present in air is required for iron to rust?

Corrosion of metals

A fertiliser in the solid state contains ammonium sulfate. A portion of the fertiliser is mixed with water by shaking. To demonstrate the presence of ammonium ions in the solution, .....1..... is added and the gas given off is tested using damp .....2..... litmus paper. Which words complete gaps 1 and 2?

Identification of ions and gases

During which process is carbon dioxide not produced?

Air quality and climate

Several statements on how calcium oxide is made and what it is used for are given. Which of the statements are correct?

Oxides

The structures of three substances are shown. Why are all three substances part of the same homologous series?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

The industrial fractional distillation of petroleum is illustrated. Which process occurs at Y?

Separation and purification

Two chemical reactions are displayed. 1 butane $\rightarrow$ ethene 2 ethene $\rightarrow$ ethanol Which terms are used to describe reactions 1 and 2?

Alkenes

Ethene is a hydrocarbon. Which row gives the kind of bond linking the carbon atoms in ethene, and the effect of ethene on aqueous bromine?

Alkenes

Poly(ethene), nylon and Terylene are all polymers. What small units are all polymers formed from?

Polymers

Which characteristic applies to aqueous ethanoic acid?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

The table gives the solubility of four substances W, X, Y and Z in ethanol and in water. Two separation methods are listed below. • method 1: put the substance into ethanol and then filter • method 2: put the substance into water and then filter Which substances may be separated from one another using both method 1 and method 2?

Separation and purification

The diagram shows part of a polymer molecule. Which diagram shows the monomer that this polymer could have been made from?

Polymers

Q and R are elements in the same period of the Periodic Table. Q contains 7 electrons in its outer shell and R contains 2 electrons in its outer shell. Which statement about Q and R is correct?

Arrangement of elements

Which arrangement of outer-shell electrons in a covalent compound is correct?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

Which element is unable to form a stable ion that has the same electron arrangement as argon?

Ions and ionic bonds

Graphite and diamond are both allotropes of the element carbon. Which row gives the number of other carbon atoms to which each carbon atom is covalently bonded in graphite and diamond?

Giant covalent structures

When chlorine is reacted with hot concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide, one product produced is sodium chlorate(V). The formula for sodium chlorate(V) is $\text{NaClO}_3$. What is the relative formula mass of sodium chlorate(V), $\text{NaClO}_3$?

Relative masses of atoms and molecules

Diagrams R, S and T show the three states of matter. Which change takes place during freezing?

Solids, liquids and gases

What substances are first formed at each electrode when concentrated aqueous sodium chloride is electrolysed?

Electrolysis

Heat is given out when hydrocarbons react with air. Which equations show this?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Which statements about exothermic and endothermic reactions are correct?

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Which of these changes are physical changes?

Physical and chemical changes

What colour change occurs when hydrated cobalt(II) chloride is heated until it changes into anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride?

Elements, compounds and mixtures

A student was examining the reaction between marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid. Which alterations reduce the rate of reaction?

Rate of reaction

The reactions illustrated can take place in the air during a thunderstorm. $\text{N}_2 + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{NO}$ $2\text{NO} + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{NO}_2$ $\text{NO} + \text{O}_3 \rightarrow \text{NO}_2 + \text{O}_2$ Which row indicates what happens to the reactant molecules in each of these reactions?

Redox

Three different experiments are performed using a solution of substance X. What type of substance is X?

Identification of ions and gases

Farmers apply slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) to their fields in order to neutralise soils that are too acidic for crops to grow well. Which ion in slaked lime is responsible for neutralising the acid in the soil?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

Which method of salt preparation involves the use of a burette and a pipette?

Acid–base titrations

A student has to measure $22\,\text{cm}^3$ of water at $40^\circ\text{C}$. Which apparatus is needed?

Experimental design

Aqueous sodium hydroxide reacts with an aqueous solution of compound Y to produce a green precipitate. Aqueous ammonia also reacts with an aqueous solution of compound Y to produce a green precipitate. In both reactions, the precipitate remains insoluble in excess reagent. Which ion is present in Y?

Identification of ions and gases

A portion of Period 3 in the Periodic Table is displayed. $\text{Na}\ \text{Mg}\ \text{Al}\ \text{Si}\ \text{P}\ \text{S}\ \text{Cl}\ \text{Ar}$ Which property increases as you move from left to right across Period 3?

Arrangement of elements

Which element is less reactive than the remaining members of its group in the Periodic Table?

Arrangement of elements

An element shows these properties: it produces coloured compounds; it behaves as a catalyst; it has a melting point of $1539^{\circ}\text{C}$. In which section of the Periodic Table would this element be located?

Transition elements

Why are weather balloons sometimes inflated with helium instead of hydrogen?

Solids, liquids and gases

Element E makes an alloy, produces a basic oxide, and lies below hydrogen in the reactivity series. What is E?

Reactivity series

Which row indicates the way the metal reacts?

Reactivity series

Which statement concerning the extraction of iron from hematite is correct?

Extraction of metals

Stainless steel is an alloy made from iron and other metals. It is strong and does not rust, but it is much more expensive than normal steel. What item is not made using stainless steel?

Uses of metals

The diagram illustrates several ways water is used in the home. For which of these uses is it important that the water has been treated?

Water

Compound X has a melting point of $71^\circ\text{C}$ and a boiling point of $375^\circ\text{C}$. Which of the following statements about X is correct?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

Which pollutant gas cannot be formed by burning fossil fuels (coal, petroleum and natural gas)?

Air quality and climate

A farmer accidentally puts two substances into the soil at the same time. They react with each other to produce a gas that turns damp red litmus paper blue. Which two substances are they?

Identification of ions and gases

During which process is carbon dioxide not produced?

Physical and chemical changes

Two equations are given. reaction 1: $\text{CaCO}_3 \rightarrow \text{CaO} + \text{CO}_2$ reaction 2: $\text{CaO} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{Ca(OH)}_2$ Which terms are used for reactions 1 and 2?

Physical and chemical changes

The structures of three substances are shown. What is the reason that these substances are all in the same homologous series?

Formulae, functional groups and terminology

Fuel oil, gasoline, kerosene and naphtha are four fractions produced by the fractional distillation of petroleum. What is the sequence of the boiling points of these fractions?

Fuels

By which process are alkenes produced from alkanes?

Alkanes

Poly(ethene) is formed from ethene. Ethene is a .....1..... hydrocarbon because it has a carbon to carbon .....2..... bond. The general term for small molecules that polymerise is .....3..... . Which words fill gaps 1, 2 and 3?

Alkenes

Which reaction is employed to produce ethanol?

Alcohols

Which statement concerning aqueous ethanoic acid is not true?

The characteristic properties of acids and bases

What process is used to produce a more concentrated solution of ethanol from a dilute solution of ethanol in water?

Separation and purification

The diagram illustrates part of a polymer molecule. Which diagram represents the monomer from which this polymer could be produced?

Polymers

Which is the correct definition of isotopes?

Isotopes

Which of the following statements about an ammonia molecule, $\text{NH}_3$, is correct?

Simple molecules and covalent bonds

The electron arrangements of atoms Q and R are shown. Q and R combine to make an ionic compound. What is the formula of this compound?

Ions and ionic bonds

Which substance counts as a macromolecule?

Polymers

What is the relative formula mass for aluminium oxide, $\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3$?

Relative masses of atoms and molecules