Fig. 4.1 shows a section of a human placenta together with the umbilical cord. The arrows indicate the direction in which blood flows.
(a(i))[4]
Describe the functions of the placenta and the umbilical cord shown in Fig. 4.1.
(a(ii))[3]
Describe the functions of the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid.
(b(i))[1]
State the name of one additional STI that can be passed from mother to fetus.
(b(ii))[2]
State two methods used to control the spread of STIs.
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