(a)[2]
State two reasons, other than absorption of X-ray photons in the metal, why the intensity at point A may differ from the intensity at point B.
(b(i)(1))[2]
Calculate the ratio $\dfrac{\text{intensity of X-ray beam incident on the specimen}}{\text{intensity of X-ray beam emerging from the specimen}}$ for the beam that passes through only the $4.0\,\text{cm}$ thickness of muscle.
(b(i)(2))[2]
Calculate the ratio $\dfrac{\text{intensity of X-ray beam incident on the specimen}}{\text{intensity of X-ray beam emerging from the specimen}}$ for the beam that passes through both the bone and the muscle.
(b(ii))[2]
Using your answers in (i), suggest and explain whether an X-ray image of this specimen is likely to have good contrast.