(a(i))[2]
State the meaning of the hardness of an X-ray beam.
(a(ii))[1]
State how the hardness of an X-ray beam from an X-ray tube can be increased.
(b)[2]
The same parallel X-ray beam is directed separately at samples of bone and muscle. The values of sample thickness $x$ for the bone and muscle, together with the linear attenuation (absorption) coefficients $\mu$ of the radiation in bone and muscle, are shown in Fig. 10.1. Determine the ratio $\frac{\text{intensity transmitted through bone}}{\text{intensity transmitted through muscle}}$.