(a)[2]
Distinguish between potential difference (p.d.) and electromotive force (e.m.f.) by referring to the energy transformations involved.
(b(i))[1]
State Kirchhoff’s second law for a closed loop.
(b(ii))[2]
Calculate the current flowing in the circuit.
(b(iii))[1]
On Fig. 4.1, draw an arrow showing the current direction in the circuit. Label the arrow $I$.
(b)
As shown in Fig. 4.1, cells A and B are connected in series with a resistor $R$ whose resistance is $5.5\,\Omega$. Cell A has e.m.f. $4.4\,\text{V}$ and internal resistance $2.3\,\Omega$. Cell B has e.m.f. $2.1\,\text{V}$ and internal resistance $1.8\,\Omega$.
(b(iv)1)[1]
Calculate the p.d. across resistor $R$.
(b(iv)2)[1]
Calculate the terminal p.d. across cell A.
(b(iv)3)[2]
Calculate the terminal p.d. across cell B.