For a cell, explain what the term electromotive force (e.m.f.) means.
For a cell, explain what the term internal resistance means.
Figure 5.1 shows batteries A and B, with resistor $R$, connected in series. Battery A has an e.m.f. of $3.0\,\text{V}$ and an internal resistance of $0.10\,\Omega$. Battery B has an e.m.f. of $12\,\text{V}$ and an internal resistance of $0.20\,\Omega$. Resistor $R$ has a resistance of $3.3\,\Omega$. Use Kirchhoff’s second law to calculate the current in the circuit.
Calculate the power transformed by battery B.
Calculate the total energy lost each second in resistor $R$ and the internal resistances.
The circuit of Fig. 5.1 may be used to store energy in battery A. Suggest how your answers in (b) provide support for this statement.