(a)[4]
Fill in Table 6.1 with the masses (expressed in the unified atomic mass unit $u$) and charges (expressed in the elementary charge $e$) of $ alpha$, $ beta^{+}$ and $ beta^{-}$ particles.
(b(i))[1]
A nucleus does not contain $ beta^{-}$ particles. Explain where the $ beta^{-}$ particle emitted during $ beta^{-}$ decay comes from.
(b(ii))[1]
State the change in the quark composition of a carbon-14 nucleus as it emits a $ beta^{-}$ particle.
(b(iii))[2]
Suggest why the $ beta^{-}$ particles are emitted with a range of different energies.