At $200\,^{\circ}\text{C}$, aluminium chloride is present as $\text{Al}_2\text{Cl}_6(g)$. Draw the structure of $\text{Al}_2\text{Cl}_6(g)$ and show all coordinate (dative covalent) bonds in the molecule in full.
At $1000\,^{\circ}\text{C}$, aluminium chloride is found as $\text{AlCl}_3(g)$. State the bond angle in $\text{AlCl}_3(g)$.
Lithium hydride contains the ions $\text{Li}^+$ and $\text{H}^-$. State the electronic configuration of each ion.
$\text{LiAlH}_4$ decomposes slowly to form $\text{LiAl}(s)$ and $\text{H}_2(g)$. $\text{LiAlH}_4(s) \rightarrow \text{LiAl}(s) + 2\text{H}_2(g)$ $\text{LiAl}(s)$ has metallic bonding. Describe metallic bonding.
$\text{LiAlH}_4$ is unsuitable in aqueous solution because it reacts with water to form $\text{LiOH}(aq)$, $\text{H}_2(g)$ and a white precipitate that dissolves in excess sodium hydroxide. Identify the white precipitate.
State the reagents and conditions needed for reaction 1.
Only one of the students makes 2-hydroxybutanoic acid successfully. Identify which of $Q$ or $R$ is 2-hydroxybutanoic acid and explain how reactions 2 and 3 differ.
Draw the mechanism for the reaction of propanal with the mixture of $\text{NaCN}$ and $\text{HCN}$ to form $S$. Identify the ion that reacts with propanal. Draw the structure of the reaction intermediate. Include all charges, partial charges, lone pairs and curly arrows.
Fill in the equation for the reaction in step 2, when $S$ is heated under reflux with $\text{HCl}(aq)$. $\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{CH(OH)CN} + \ldots \rightarrow \text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{CH(OH)COOH} + \ldots$
Draw the mechanism for the reaction of propanal with the mixture of NaCN and HCN to form $S$. • State which ion attacks propanal. • Show the intermediate formed in the reaction. • Include all charges, partial charges, lone pairs and curly arrows.
Finish the equation for the reaction in step 2, when $S$ is heated under reflux with $\text{HCl(aq)}$. $\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{CH(OH)CN} + \ldots \rightarrow \text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{CH(OH)COOH} + \ldots$
The infrared spectrum of an organic compound is shown. The organic compound is either $S$ or 2-hydroxybutanoic acid. Deduce the identity of the compound. Give two reasons for your answer. In your answer, identify any relevant absorptions above $1500\,\text{cm}^{-1}$ in the spectrum and the bonds that correspond to these absorptions.