Write an equation showing how the $\text{NO}_2^+$ ion is formed.
Complete the mechanism in Fig. 6.1 for the nitration of methylbenzene to make 1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene. Include every relevant curly arrow and charge.
Phenol can be nitrated with dilute nitric acid. Explain why the nitration of phenol occurs under milder conditions than the nitration of benzene.
A sample of 2-nitrophenol is treated with sodium. Complete the equation in Fig. 6.2 for the reaction of 2-nitrophenol with sodium.
Suggest the reagents and conditions for reaction 1 shown in Fig. 6.3.
Name the reaction type for reaction 1.
Reaction 2 takes place at room temperature. Draw the structure of the organic product from reaction 2 in Fig. 6.3.
Name the mechanism operating in reaction 2.
The $\text{NO}_2$ group in 2-nitrophenol acts as an electron‑withdrawing group. Suggest the relative acidities of ethanol, 2-nitrophenol, phenol and water. Explain your answer.
Name and classify the three remaining functional groups in salbutamol in Table 6.1.
Salbutamol reacts with $\text{Br}_2(aq)$ to produce organic product X. Draw the structure of X.
When salbutamol reacts with excess $\text{SOCl}_2$, organic product Y is formed. The molecular formula of Y is $\text{C}_{13}\text{H}_{19}\text{Cl}_2\text{NO}$. Draw the structure of Y.