Identify all functional groups in procaine.
A procaine molecule contains 13 carbon atoms. State how many of the carbon atoms are $sp$, $sp^2$ and $sp^3$ hybridised in procaine.
The proton ($^1\text{H}$) NMR spectrum for procaine in $\text{D}_2\text{O}$ is obtained. Predict how many peaks will be seen.
State why procaine is able to act as a base.
Use the box provided to draw the structure of compound W.
State the reagents and conditions used in step 1 and step 2.
Procaine is prepared from X in three steps. Suggest the reagents and conditions for step 4 and for step 5 in Fig. 7.1.
Explain the meaning of partition coefficient, $K_{pc}$.
The partition coefficient of procaine between octan-1-ol and water is $1.77$. Octan-1-ol and water are immiscible. A solution containing $0.500\,\text{g}$ of procaine in $75.0\,\text{cm}^3$ of water is shaken with $50.0\,\text{cm}^3$ of octan-1-ol. Calculate the mass of procaine that is extracted into the octan-1-ol.