Name the functional groups present in procaine.
Procaine contains 13 carbon atoms. State how many carbon atoms in procaine are $sp$, $sp^2$ and $sp^3$ hybridised.
The proton ($^1\text{H}$) NMR spectrum of procaine in $\text{D}_2\text{O}$ is obtained. Predict how many peaks will be seen.
State why procaine can act as a base.
Draw the structure of compound W in the space provided.
State the reagents and conditions for step 1 and step 2.
Procaine is made from X in three steps. Suggest the reagents and conditions for step 4 and for step 5 in Fig. 7.1.
Explain what is meant by partition coefficient, $K_{pc}$.
The partition coefficient of procaine between octan-1-ol and water is 1.77. Octan-1-ol and water do not mix. A solution containing 0.500 g of procaine in $75.0\,\text{cm}^3$ of water is shaken with $50.0\,\text{cm}^3$ of octan-1-ol. Calculate the mass of procaine extracted into the octan-1-ol.