Write the equation for how the electrophile is formed in step $1$.
Complete the mechanism in Fig. 5.2 for step $1$, the alkylation of chlorobenzene. Add all the relevant curly arrows and charges, and draw the intermediate structure.
Step $2$ is an oxidation reaction. Construct an equation for the reaction in step $2$. Use $[O]$ to represent an atom of oxygen from an oxidising agent.
Suggest reagents for changing $K$ into $M$ in steps $3$ and $4$. Step $3$. Step $4$.
Identify the type of reaction that occurs in step $5$.
Step 7 takes place when P is heated with a weak base such as $\text{K}_2\text{CO}_3$(aq). Suggest why a strong base such as NaOH(aq) is not used for this reaction.
Q is optically active. Explain the meaning of optically active.
Give two reasons why it might be desirable to synthesise a single optical isomer of Q for use as a drug.
The $pK_a$ of aspirin is $3.49$. $75\,\text{mg}$ of aspirin dissolves in water to form $100\,\text{cm}^3$ of an aqueous solution. Calculate the pH of this solution. $[M_r\,\text{aspirin},\,180.0]$
Aspirin undergoes acid hydrolysis in the stomach. Give the structures of the organic products of this acid hydrolysis.