Identify one natural source and one man-made source of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere.
Write an equation to show the direct part played by $\text{NO}_2$ in forming acid rain.
Peroxyacetyl nitrate, PAN, is a constituent of photochemical smog. Describe how PAN forms from $\text{NO}_2$.
Nitric acid reacts with basic oxides to make nitrates. Write an equation for the reaction of nitric acid with calcium oxide.
Describe the observation when solid calcium nitrate is heated strongly.
Deduce the oxidation state shown by nitrogen in $\text{NO}_3^-$.
Identify the species oxidised in equation 1. Equation 1: $3\text{NO}_3^- + 8\text{Al} + 5\text{OH}^- + 18\text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow 3\text{NH}_3 + 8[\text{Al(OH)}_4]^- $
$\text{NH}_3$ is a basic gas. Describe how $\text{NH}_3$ is able to act as a base.
Suggest the shape of the $\left[\text{Al(OH)}_4\right]^-$ ion.
Fig. 3.1 shows a sketch of some of the ionisation energies of phosphorus, $\text{P}$. Construct an equation for the third ionisation energy of $\text{P}$.
Complete the graph in Fig. 3.1 to show the third to sixth ionisation energies of $\text{P}$.
Complete Table 3.1 with the properties of nitrogen and phosphorus in their standard states.
A form of solid nitrogen has a lattice structure similar to solid iodine. Identify the lattice type of solid nitrogen.
At very high temperatures, phosphorus can form $\text{P}_2$ molecules. $\text{P}_2$ contains a triple bond, $\text{P} \equiv \text{P}$. Describe the formation of the $\text{P} \equiv \text{P}$ bond in terms of orbital overlap.
The bond energy of $\text{P} \equiv \text{P}$ is $485\,\text{kJ mol}^{-1}$. The bond energy of $\text{N} \equiv \text{N}$ is $944\,\text{kJ mol}^{-1}$. Compare the reactivity of $\text{P}_2$ and $\text{N}_2$. Explain your answer.