White phosphorus and red phosphorus both contain covalent bonding. Suggest the structures shown by white phosphorus ($\text{P}_4$) and red phosphorus ($\text{P}$). Explain why red phosphorus ($\text{P}$) has a higher melting point than white phosphorus ($\text{P}_4$).
Red phosphorus ($\text{P}$) is formed when white phosphorus ($\text{P}_4$) is exposed to sunlight. $\frac{1}{4}\text{P}_4(s) \rightarrow \text{P}(s) \quad \Delta H = -17.6\,\text{kJ mol}^{-1}$ Use the details given to draw a reaction pathway diagram that shows red phosphorus ($\text{P}$) being made from white phosphorus ($\text{P}_4$).
State the oxidation number for phosphorus in $\text{P}_4\text{O}_{10}$.
Deduce the identity of $Q$ and hence write chemical equations for reactions 1 and 2. Reaction 1: $\text{PCl}_5 + \ldots\text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \ldots$ Reaction 2: $\text{P}_4\text{O}_{10} + \ldots\text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \ldots$
Give the empirical formula for triphenylphosphine.
State the types of reaction occurring in stages 1 and 2. Stage 1: …………………… Stage 2: ……………………
Draw the structures of $\text{G}$ and $\text{H}$ in the boxes provided.
Identify the organic products produced when compound $\text{J}$, shown below, is heated with hot concentrated acidified manganate(VII) ions.