$\text{NH}_3(g)$ reacts with $\text{HCl}(g)$ to form $\text{NH}_4\text{Cl}(s)$, as shown. $\text{NH}_3(g) + \text{HCl}(g) \rightarrow \text{NH}_4\text{Cl}(s)$ Draw a diagram that shows the ionic, covalent and coordinate bonding present in one formula unit of $\text{NH}_4\text{Cl}$.
An exothermic reaction occurs when $\text{NH}_4^+(aq)$ is added to $\text{OH}^-(aq)$. Identify the type of reaction.
Construct an ionic equation for the reaction of $\text{NH}_4^+$ and $\text{OH}^-$.
In substitution reactions of $\text{NH}_3$ and $\text{OH}^-$ with halogenoalkanes, both species use a lone pair of electrons. Name the role of $\text{NH}_3$ and $\text{OH}^-$ in these reactions.
Suggest which species, $\text{NH}_3$ or $\text{OH}^-$, is more reactive in these reactions. Explain your answer.
When 2-bromo-2-methylpropane reacts with $\text{OH}^-$, both $\text{S}_N1$ and $\text{S}_N2$ mechanisms take place. The $\text{S}_N2$ mechanism has the slower rate. Fig. 4.1 shows the reaction pathway diagram for the $\text{S}_N1$ mechanism. Sketch a graph on Fig. 4.1 to show the reaction pathway for the $\text{S}_N2$ mechanism.
Complete Fig. 4.2 to show the mechanism for the $\text{S}_N1$ reaction that happens when $\mathrm{CH_3CHBrC_2H_5}$ reacts with $\text{NH}_3$ to form $\mathrm{CH_3CH(NH_2)C_2H_5}$. Include charges, dipoles, lone pairs of electrons and curly arrows, where relevant.
Identify the inorganic product produced in the reaction shown in Fig. 4.2.
Give the systematic name of the organic product $\text{CH}_3\text{CH(NH}_2\text{)C}_2\text{H}_5$.
Complete Table 4.1 by drawing the structural formula of the intermediate formed when 2-bromo-2-methylpropane reacts in an $\text{S}_\text{N}1$ reaction.
Identify the halogenoalkane in Table 4.1 that has the greater tendency to react by the $\text{S}_\text{N}1$ mechanism. Explain your answer.