Explain what the term hydrocarbon means.
Explain what the term fractional distillation means.
Undecane, $\text{C}_{11}\text{H}_{24}$, is a long-chain hydrocarbon present in crude oil. Long-chain hydrocarbons like these are cracked to make smaller molecules of alkanes and alkenes. Give the conditions for two different processes by which long-chain molecules may be cracked.
Undecane, $\text{C}_{11}\text{H}_{24}$, can be cracked to give pentane, $\text{C}_5\text{H}_{12}$, and an alkene. Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
Draw the three different structural isomers of pentane.
The three pentane isomers do not all have the same boiling point. Which of your isomers has the highest boiling point? Suggest an explanation for your answer.
The unsaturated hydrocarbon, $E$, is made by cracking hexane and is significant in the chemical industry. The standard enthalpy change of combustion of $E$ is $-2059\ \text{kJ mol}^{-1}$. Define what is meant by the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.
When $0.47\ \text{g}$ of $E$ was completely burnt in air, the heat given out raised the temperature of $200\ \text{g}$ of water by $27.5\ ^\circ\text{C}$. Assume that no heat was lost during the experiment. Use relevant data from the Data Booklet to calculate the amount of heat released in this experiment.
Use the data above together with your answer to (i) to calculate the relative molecular mass, $M_r$, of $E$.
Deduce the molecular formula for $E$.