Complete Fig. 6.1 by showing the mechanism for the reaction of benzene with $\text{NO}_2^+$. Include every relevant curly arrow and charge.
Write the equation that shows the regeneration of $\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4$.
Draw the chief products formed when benzoic acid and phenol undergo mononitration.
Compare how readily benzene, benzoic acid and phenol undergo nitration. Justify your answer by referring to the structures of the three compounds.
Suggest the structures of compounds $X$, $Y$ and $Z$, and place them in the boxes in Fig. 6.2. In step 3, compound $Y$ reacts with compound $Z$, and compound $Z$ is prepared from compound $X$. Assume that the $-\text{SO}_3^-\text{Na}^+$ groups do not react.
State the reagents and conditions for step 1 and step 2.