Briefly explain why the benzene molecule has a planar shape.
Briefly explain why every carbon-carbon bond in benzene has the same length.
By means of an equation, show the first function of sulfuric acid in the nitration of benzene.
Name the reaction type and describe the mechanism for nitration, including curly arrows to show electron movement and every charge.
State the reagents and conditions needed to change benzene into chlorobenzene.
Use these ideas to suggest the structures of intermediate compounds Y and Z in the synthesis of 4-chlorophenylamine that follows.
Suggest the reagents and conditions required for reaction III in the synthesis above.
Suggest the structural formulae of products A, B, C and D for the reactions below. If nothing happens, write "no reaction" in the relevant box.