Briefly explain the reason the benzene molecule is planar.
Briefly explain why the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene all have the same length.
By means of an equation, show the initial function of the sulfuric acid in this reaction.
Name the reaction type and describe the nitration mechanism, including curly arrows to show electron movement and all charges.
State the reagents and conditions required to convert benzene into chlorobenzene.
Use these ideas to suggest the structures of intermediate compounds Y and Z in the following synthesis of 4-chlorophenylamine.
Suggest the reagents and conditions required for reaction III in the synthesis above.
Suggest the structural formulae of products A, B, C and D for the following reactions. If no reaction occurs, write "no reaction" in the relevant box.