For each reaction, state the reagent(s), any required conditions, and the reaction type. Select the reaction type from the list: elimination, hydrolysis, substitution, oxidation, addition, condensation. Any type may be used once, more than once or not at all. A reaction may be described by more than one type.
Complete the diagram so that it shows the $\mathrm{S_N2}$ mechanism for reaction 1. $R$ stands for the $\text{CH}_3(\text{CH}_2)_2$ group. Show every required charge, dipole, lone pair and curly arrow.
Define the term structural isomer and name the three different types of structural isomerism.
2-bromo-2-methylpropane is reacted with the same reagents as in reaction 1. Methylpropan-2-ol is formed. Identify the mechanism for this reaction. Explain why this reaction takes place by a different mechanism from reaction 1.
Explain what is meant by the term stereoisomers.
Give two reasons why but-1-ene does not exhibit stereoisomerism.
Name $X$ and $Y$.
Name the type of stereoisomerism shown by $X$.
Use the standard convention to draw the two stereoisomers of $X$.