Complete Table 1.1 by giving the oxidation number of phosphorus and the oxidation number of chlorine in $\text{PCl}_3$ and $\text{PCl}_5$.
In a closed system, $\text{PCl}_3$ and $\text{PCl}_5$ form an equilibrium mixture as shown in reaction 1: $\text{PCl}_3(l) + \text{Cl}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons \text{PCl}_5(s)$, $\Delta H = -124\,\text{kJ mol}^{-1}$. Deduce two conditions that promote the formation of $\text{PCl}_5$ in reaction 1.
The third phosphorus-chlorine compound, $\textbf{W}$, has a relative molecular mass, $M_r$, lying between those of $\text{PCl}_3$ and $\text{PCl}_5$. The compound is $69.6\%$ chlorine by mass. Determine the molecular formula of $\textbf{W}$.
$\textbf{W}$ is a liquid at room temperature and pressure. It reacts vigorously with water to produce an acidic solution. Suggest the structure and bonding in $\textbf{W}$. Explain your answer.
Fig. 1.1 shows a reaction scheme involving $\text{P}_4$ and $\text{Cl}_2$. Suggest what is observed in reaction 2.
Predict the shape of a molecule of $\text{PCl}_5$.
Write an equation for the formation of $\textbf{A}$ in reaction 3.
Name $\textbf{B}$, which is formed in both reactions 4 and 5.
Draw the structure of $\textbf{C}$, used in reaction 6.
$1,2$-dichloroethane, $\text{ClCH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{Cl}$, reacts with $\text{NaOH}$ to form an unsaturated compound, $\text{C}_2\text{H}_3\text{Cl}$, as shown in reaction 7: $\text{ClCH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{Cl} + \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{C}_2\text{H}_3\text{Cl} + \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{NaCl}$. State what is meant by unsaturated.
State the conditions for reaction 7.
Compound $\textbf{D}$ contains only carbon, hydrogen and chlorine. Fig. 1.2 shows the mass spectrum of $\textbf{D}$. Explain the relative abundance of peaks 1 and 2 in the mass spectrum in Fig. 1.2.
Suggest the structure of $\textbf{D}$.