(a)[2]
Once the switches had been closed, bulb 1 gave a brighter light than bulb 2. Explain why.
(b(i))
State what is meant by a buffer solution.
(b(ii))[4]
Outline how a buffer solution may be prepared from ethanoic acid and a named base.
(c)[2]
Amino acids such as alanine, $\text{CH}_3\text{CH(NH}_2\text{)CO}_2\text{H}$, may act as a buffer solution. Write two equations to demonstrate this.
(d(i))
Tartaric acid has two dissociation constants, $K_1$ and $K_2$, with $\text{p}K_a$ values of 2.99 and 4.40. Suggest equations for the two dissociations that produce these $\text{p}K_a$ values.
(d(ii))[4]
One stereoisomer of tartaric acid is displayed. Complete the diagrams to show two other stereoisomers of tartaric acid.