Gallic acid has both carboxylic acid and phenol functional groups. State and explain which of these two groups is the stronger acid.
A buffer was prepared by dissolving $2.04\,\text{g}$ of gallic acid in $250\,\text{cm}^3$ of a solution containing $0.0600\,\text{mol dm}^{-3}$ of gallate ions, $\text{C}_7\text{H}_5\text{O}_5^-$. The equilibrium is: $\text{C}_7\text{H}_6\text{O}_5 \rightleftharpoons \text{C}_7\text{H}_5\text{O}_5^- + \text{H}^+$ $K_a = 3.89 \times 10^{-5}\,\text{mol dm}^{-3}$ at $298\,\text{K}$. Define the term buffer solution.
Calculate the pH for this buffer solution.
Write two equations to show how a solution containing gallic acid, $\text{C}_7\text{H}_6\text{O}_5$, and gallate ions, $\text{C}_7\text{H}_5\text{O}_5^-$, functions as a buffer.
Nitronium ions, $\text{NO}_2^+$, are formed by the reaction between concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid. Construct an equation for making $\text{NO}_2^+$ by this method.
Complete the mechanism and draw the intermediate for step 1. Include all relevant charges and curly arrows to show electron-pair movement.
State the mechanism name in (c)(ii).
State the reagents and the conditions used in step 4.
Suggest a structure for compound $Q$ in the box provided.
State the reagents and the conditions for step 6.
State how many peaks would be seen in the $^{13}\text{C}$ NMR spectrum of gallic acid.
The proton NMR spectrum of gallic acid dissolved in $\text{D}_2\text{O}$ is recorded. Predict how many peaks will be observed and any splitting pattern expected. State the expected chemical shift range $(\delta)$ for each predicted peak.