State the meaning of the terms: complex; ligand.
Copper forms two complexes, $[\text{Cu(H}_2\text{O)}_6]^{2+}$ and $\text{CuCl}_4^{2-}$. Draw three-dimensional diagrams of the structures in the boxes and name the shapes.
Platinum forms square-planar complexes, where all four ligands are in the same plane as the Pt atom. Two isomeric compounds have the formula $\text{Pt(NH}_3)_2\text{Cl}_2$. Suggest the structures of the two isomers and, by comparison with a similar kind of isomerism in organic chemistry, suggest the type of isomerism shown here.
Complete the electronic structures for these ions. Cu(II) $[\text{Ar}]$ ................................. Cu(I) $[\text{Ar}]$ .................................
Use these electronic structures to explain why copper(II) salts are generally coloured, whereas copper(I) salts are usually white or colourless.
Copper(II) oxide may be obtained in a pure state by heating copper(II) nitrate. Use suitable $\Delta H_f^\circ$ values from the table to calculate $\Delta H^\circ$ for this reaction: $\text{Cu(NO}_3)_2(s) \rightarrow \text{CuO}(s) + \text{2NO}_2(g) + \frac{1}{2}\text{O}_2(g)$
Copper(I) oxide can be made from copper(II) oxide. Use suitable $\Delta H_f^\circ$ values from the table to calculate $\Delta H^\circ$ for the reaction: $\text{2CuO}(s) \rightleftharpoons \text{Cu}_2\text{O}(s) + \frac{1}{2}\text{O}_2(g)$ Hence suggest whether a low or a high temperature of oxidation would favour the production of copper(I) oxide. Explain your reasoning.