Describe the reagents and the conditions required for step 1.
Name the other product formed in step 1 that is an isomer of A.
Give B's structural formula.
State the reagents and conditions needed for step 2.
Identify the oxidising agent that could be used to oxidise butanedioic acid.
State the product(s) formed in (e)(i).
Compare the relative acidities of hexanoic acid, hexan-1-ol and phenol, and explain them.
Identify which protons in the methylpropanedioic acid molecule produce each part of the proton NMR spectrum at chemical shifts $\delta 12.7$, $\delta 3.3$ and $\delta 1.1$. The spectrum is recorded in $\text{CCl}_4$.
Methylpropanedioic acid is an isomer of butanedioic acid, and its proton NMR spectrum in CCl$_4$ is shown.
Name the splitting pattern at $\delta 3.3$ and explain its origin.
The carbon-13 NMR spectra of butanedioic acid, HO$_2$CCH$_2$CH$_2$CO$_2$H, and methylpropanedioic acid, HO$_2$CCH(CH$_3$)CO$_2$H, are different. State the number of peaks (a) in the carbon-13 NMR spectrum of butanedioic acid and (b) in the carbon-13 NMR spectrum of methylpropanedioic acid.