$W$ is produced when $\text{HOCH}_2\text{COOH}$ is treated with excess $\text{SOCl}_2$. Write the equation for this reaction.
Once $W$ and $X$ have reacted, excess $\text{CH}_3\text{COONa(aq)}$ is then added to the reaction mixture. Suggest why.
Reaction 1, the reaction of $W$ with $X$, proceeds by an addition-elimination mechanism. Complete the mechanism for the reaction of $W$ with $X$. Include every relevant curly arrow, lone pair of electrons, charge and partial charge. Use Ar-$\text{NH}_2$ to stand for $X$.
$(\text{C}_2\text{H}_5)_2\text{NH}$ reacts with $Y$ in reaction 2. Explain why $(\text{C}_2\text{H}_5)_2\text{NH}$ can act as a nucleophile.
Thin-layer chromatography can be used to check the purity of lidocaine. Ethyl ethanoate is the solvent. The $R_f$ values for X and lidocaine are listed in Table 6.1.
Identify the materials used as the mobile and stationary phases in this thin-layer chromatography experiment.
Describe how an $R_f$ value can be calculated.
Suggest why the $R_f$ value for X is less than that for lidocaine.
The proton ($^1\text{H}$) NMR spectrum of lidocaine is shown in Fig. 6.2.
Name the splitting patterns at $\delta 2.6$ and $\delta 1.1$.
The relative peak area of the peaks at $\delta 3.0$ and $\delta 2.3$ is $1:3$ respectively. Identify the protons in the $^1\text{H}$ NMR spectrum of lidocaine that are responsible for the peaks at the following chemical shift values: $\delta 7.1$, $\delta 3.0$, $\delta 2.3$.
Predict the number of peaks in the carbon-13 ($^{13}\text{C}$) NMR spectrum of lidocaine.
Name the splitting patterns at $\delta 2.6$ and $\delta 1.1$.
The relative peak area of the peaks at $\delta 3.0$ and $\delta 2.3$ is $1 : 3$ respectively. Identify the protons in the $^1\text{H}$ NMR spectrum of lidocaine that are responsible for the peaks at the following chemical shift values: $\delta 7.1$, $\delta 3.0$, $\delta 2.3$.
Predict the number of peaks in the carbon-13 ($^{13}\text{C}$) NMR spectrum of lidocaine.