Define what is meant by addition reaction.
Aldehydes $A$ and $B$ are structural isomers. State the type of structural isomerism shown by $A$ and $B$.
Name compound $A$.
The complete reaction of propene with a $1{:}1$ mixture of $ ext{CO}$ and $ ext{H}_2$ gives only $A$ and $B$. The product mixture is made up of $96\%$ $A$ and $4\%$ $B$. Calculate the mass of $A$ produced in this reaction when $5.00 \times 10^3\,\text{kg}$ of propene is used.
$A$ undergoes a nucleophilic addition reaction with a mixture of $ ext{HCN}$ and $ ext{KCN}$, forming compound $C$. Complete the diagram to show the mechanism for this reaction. Include charges, dipoles, lone pairs of electrons and curly arrows, where needed. Draw the structure of the organic intermediate.
Table 3.1 gives information about three experiments involving $B$. Complete Table 3.1.
$B$, $ ext{C}_4 ext{H}_8 ext{O}$, is oxidised by acidified potassium manganate(VII). Complete the equation for this reaction. Use $[\text{O}]$ to represent one atom of oxygen from the oxidising agent. $\text{C}_4\text{H}_8\text{O} + \ldots$
$C$ is a chiral molecule. Circle any chiral centres in the structure of $C$ shown in Fig. 3.2.
When propene reacts with $ ext{CO}$ and an excess of $ ext{H}_2$, an alkane and a mixture of alcohols are formed instead. The alcohols are isomers of one another. Suggest the molecular formula of the alkane and the alcohols formed under these conditions.
The reaction of ethene, $ ext{C}_2 ext{H}_4$, with a $1{:}1$ mixture of $ ext{CO}$ and $ ext{H}_2$ is shown in equation 1. Equation 1: $\text{C}_2\text{H}_4(g) + \text{CO}(g) + \text{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CHO}(g)$ At atmospheric pressure a cobalt-based catalyst is used in this reaction. State and explain the effect of using a catalyst on this reaction.
Explain why the yield of $\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CHO(g)}$ increases when the overall pressure of the reaction mixture is increased.
Use the information in Table 3.2 to calculate the enthalpy change, $\Delta H_r$, of the reaction in equation 1. equation 1: $\text{C}_2\text{H}_4\text{(g)} + \text{CO(g)} + \text{H}_2\text{(g)} \rightleftharpoons \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CHO(g)}$
The reaction mixture is cooled so that $\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CHO}$ can be collected as a liquid. Identify all types of van der Waals’ forces present between molecules of $\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CHO}$.