Using $\text{H}_2\text{X}$ as the formula for $R$, write a balanced equation for the reaction of $\text{H}_2\text{X}$ with NaOH.
From the information given above, calculate the amount, in moles, of $\text{OH}^-$ ions used in the titration.
Using your answers from (i) and (ii), calculate the amount, in moles, of $R$ in $25.0\,\text{cm}^3$ of solution.
Calculate the amount, in moles, of $R$ in $250\,\text{cm}^3$ of solution.
Calculate $M_r$ for $R$.
Three candidate structures for $R$ are labelled $S$, $T$ and $U$. Calculate the $M_r$ of each of these acids.
Deduce which of the structures, $S$, $T$ or $U$, is the correct representation of acid $R$.
State the reagent(s) and the essential conditions that would be used for these conversions: $S$ into $T$; $S$ into $U$; $T$ into $S$.
Give the structural formula of the organic product formed in each case: $T$ with excess Na; $U$ with excess $\text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3$.
Acid $S$ displays stereoisomerism. Draw structures to show this isomerism, and label each isomer.
When one isomer of $S$ is heated at $110^\circ\text{C}$ in the absence of air, a cyclic compound $V$, with molecular formula $\text{C}_4\text{H}_2\text{O}_3$, is produced. The other isomer of $S$ does not react at this temperature. Suggest the displayed formula of $V$.