With $\text{H}_2\text{X}$ used to stand for $R$, write a balanced equation for the reaction between $\text{H}_2\text{X}$ and $\text{NaOH}$.
Use the information above to work out the amount, in moles, of $\text{OH}^-$ ions present in the titration.
Using your answers to (i) and (ii), determine the amount, in moles, of $R$ in $25.0\,\text{cm}^3$ of solution.
Calculate the amount, in moles, of $R$ in $250\,\text{cm}^3$ of solution.
Calculate $M_r$ of $R$.
Calculate the $M_r$ of each acid.
Deduce which of $S$, $T$ or $U$ correctly represents the structure of acid $R$. $R$ is represented by __________.
State the reagent(s) and essential conditions needed for each of the following conversions.\n\n$S$ into $T$\n\n$S$ into $U$\n\n$T$ into $S$
Give the structural formula of the organic product formed in each reaction below.\n\n$T$ with an excess of $\text{Na}$\n\n$U$ with an excess of $\text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3$
Acid $S$ exhibits stereoisomerism. Draw structures to illustrate this isomerism. Label each isomer.
When one isomer of $S$ is heated at $110\,^\circ\text{C}$ without air, a cyclic compound $V$ with molecular formula $\text{C}_4\text{H}_2\text{O}_3$ is produced. The other isomer of $S$ does not react at this temperature. Suggest the displayed formula of $V$.