State the name or formula of a catalyst that may be used for this reaction.
In diagram 1, the movement of a pair of electrons is shown by $x$. State where this pair of electrons is located before step 1 takes place. State where this pair of electrons is located after step 1 has taken place.
In diagram 2, the movement of a different pair of electrons is represented by $y$. State where this pair of electrons is before step 2 takes place. State where this pair of electrons is after step 2 has taken place.
Diagram 2 contains six carbon atoms. State how many of these carbon atoms are $sp$ hybridised, how many are $sp^2$ hybridised, and how many are $sp^3$ hybridised.
Complete the equation for the reaction between benzene and chlorine. $\text{C}_6\text{H}_6 + \ldots \rightarrow \ldots + \ldots$
The mechanism for this reaction is electrophilic substitution. Complete the sentence below. Write formulae in the spaces provided. During this reaction, the electrophile is \ldots and a \ldots atom in benzene is substituted by a \ldots atom.
Name the mechanism of the reaction chloroethane undergoes with $\text{NaOH(aq)}$, and identify the major organic product formed.
Explain why chloroethane and chlorobenzene show different reactivities when they are treated with $\text{NaOH(aq)}$.