Describe and explain the shape of benzene. In your answer, include: • the shape of the ring and the bond angle • the hybridisation of the carbon atoms • how orbital overlap produces $\sigma$ and $\pi$ bonds between the carbon atoms in the ring.
Fig. 5.1 shows two reactions of benzoic acid. Suggest reagents and conditions for reaction 5 and for reaction 6 in Fig. 5.1. reaction 5 reaction 6
State the reaction type shown for reaction 5 in Fig. 5.1.
In the electrophilic substitution of arenes, different substituents can direct to different ring positions. Describe the directing effect of the $\mathrm{-CH_2CH_3}$ group. Explain your answer.
The alkylation of arenes uses a mixture of $\mathrm{CH_3CH_2Br}$ and $\mathrm{FeBr_3}$ to generate the $\mathrm{CH_3CH_2^+}$ electrophile. Write an equation for the formation of the $\mathrm{CH_3CH_2^+}$ electrophile.
Complete the mechanism in Fig. 5.2. Include all relevant curly arrows and charges. Draw the structure of the organic intermediate.
Write an equation to show how $\mathrm{FeBr_3}$ is regenerated after the reaction in Fig. 5.2.