Describe the bonding in benzene, $\mathrm{C_6H_6}$. Your answer should cover: the hybridisation of the six carbon atoms; the kinds of bond present between the carbon atoms; the orbitals that overlap to make the bonds between the carbon atoms; the bond type between the carbon atoms and the hydrogen atoms; and the orbitals that overlap to make the bonds between the carbon atoms and the hydrogen atoms.
Describe the reagents and conditions needed for step 1 in Fig. 9.1.
In step 1 of Fig. 9.1, benzene reacts with $\mathrm{CH_3^+}$. Complete Fig. 9.2 to show the mechanism for this reaction, including: the movement of electron pairs with curly arrows; and the structure of the intermediate formed.
Describe the reagents and conditions needed for step 2 of Fig. 9.1.
Identify the reagents needed for step 3 of Fig. 9.1. Compound W is the product from this step.
Name the compound represented by W.
The reagents often used for step 4 will not reduce the $\mathrm{-COOH}$ group. Identify the reagents and conditions needed for step 4 of Fig. 9.1.
Benzene can also be used as the starting material for compound Y. Describe how the route shown in Fig. 9.1 (repeated below) can be altered to produce compound Y rather than compound X. Explain your answer.