(a)[3]
Explain what the description ‘an inevitable consequence of gas exchange in leaves’ means.
(b)[3]
Explain the role of hydrogen bonding in the transport of water in the xylem.
(c)[4]
Use Fig. 4.2A to compare the transpiration rates of emergent, canopy and suppressed trees over $14$ hours in the forest.
(d)[4]
Transpiration rate is affected by conditions that differ a lot from place to place inside forests. Use the information in Fig. 4.1 and Fig. 4.2 to suggest why emergent and suppressed trees have different transpiration rates.