Table 2.1 presents descriptions of three white blood cells. Complete Table 2.1 by giving the names of these three types of white blood cell.
Dromedary camels belong to the family Camelidae and inhabit desert regions of North Africa and Asia. In these hot, dry conditions, dromedary camels may lose up to 30% of their body mass through dehydration, which makes their blood become more viscous (thicker). Fig. 2.1 shows a drawing of red blood cells of a dromedary camel. Fig. 2.2 is a drawing of human red blood cells. Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2 illustrate differences between the red blood cells of dromedary camels and those of humans. Suggest how these differences adapt dromedary camels for life in hot, dry environments.
The llama also belongs to the family Camelidae. Llamas live in mountainous regions of South America, often at altitudes of $3500\,\text{m}$ or above. As altitude above sea level rises, air pressure falls. The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs of mammals at $3500\,\text{m}$ is $6.4\,\text{kPa}$. Fig. 2.3 shows the oxygen dissociation curve of adult human haemoglobin and adult llama haemoglobin.
Explain, with reference to Fig. 2.3, how the differences between the oxygen dissociation curves of humans and llamas show that llamas are more well adapted than humans for high-altitude living.
Sketch a curve on Fig. 2.3 to show the effect of an increased carbon dioxide concentration on the percentage saturation of adult human haemoglobin with oxygen.
Explain why the Bohr shift is important in metabolically active organs, for example the liver.