State how the molecular structure of galactose, shown in Fig. 3.1, differs from the molecular structure of $\alpha$-glucose.
Explain the evidence in Table 3.1 that backs these three further conclusions: Conclusion 1: The carrots contain both non-reducing sugars and reducing sugars. Conclusion 2: The carrots contain both monosaccharide and disaccharide sugars. Conclusion 3: The carrots show the same pattern of results.
Name one carbohydrate found in carrots that is not a sugar.
Each carrot plant forms a carrot during the first year of growth. If the carrot is not taken off the plant after it has matured, the plant goes through a dormant stage and shoots grow from the carrot in the second year of growth. This enables flowers to be produced and seed formation to take place before the plant dies. Explain, with reference to the carrot plant life cycle, when the carrot functions as a source and when it functions as a sink.
Carrot virus Y is a pathogen that infects carrot plants. The virus, which is classified in the Potyvirus group, replicates its viral nucleic acid and proteins inside host carrot cells. The overall structure of potyviruses is shown in Fig. 3.2. Viral protein synthesis in host carrot cells involves only translation. Transcription does not take place. Suggest why translation takes place in host carrot cells during viral protein synthesis, but transcription does not take place.